" (David: 165) Other important studies were conducted by J.E. Harris and K. Weeks (1973) and Harris and E. Wente (1980) and they provided "further information about mummification techniques such as arm position, presence of artifacts, and brain removal, as well as about age at death, aspects of genealogy of the royal family, and their dental conditions." (165)
But humans were not the only ones who received this kind of treatment, sacred animals were also preserved using various techniques of mummification. Some animals were actually considered "incarnations of gods" (Owen). Animals were seen as spirits of gods as Owen (2004) explains "cats were seen as the incarnation of Bastet, goddess of music and joy and protector of women. The Apis bull, a sacred animal to the Egyptians, came to be known as the incarnation of Osiris, god of embalming and cemeteries. Likewise, ancient Egyptians associated hawks with Horus (the god of light), ibises with Thoth (the god of wisdom and learning), and so on."
For this reason, Egyptians would mummify millions of sacred animals such as cats, cows and birds. Since animals were mummified in vast numbers, it was felt their mummification process was probably not as sophisticated as that of animals. However it was later found that elaborate methods were used to preserve these creatures as well. According to a report by National Geographic magazine, researchers at the University of Bristol, England studied four animal mummies and found that "Chemicals detected in tissue samples from the animal mummies revealed the presence of various natural products found in human embalming materials used by the ancient Egyptians. These included animal fats, oils, beeswax, sugar gum, bitumen, and pine tree resins. The researchers found these products had also been applied...
Moreover, it helps explain the practice of embalming and mummification, which restored a body that had been rendered into multiple pieces into a single whole, in a hope of defeating death. The bodies did not have to be dismembered in the mummification process, because death was a form of dismemberment. Osiris dies, but is reborn through the sky-goddess and becomes a god, himself. Osiris plays a role in the
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