Metals, bottles, crockery and similar garbage cannot be disposed of into the sea within 12 nautical miles from the closest land (U.S. Congress).
Food waste, paper, rags, glass and similar wastes cannot be thrown into navigable waters or those offshore and within three nautical miles from the nearest land, except in the emergency cases of separate garbage of fixed or floating platforms within 500 meters of these units. In addition, all manned, commercial and oceangoing U.S. flag ships measuring 12.2 meters or more in length and subject to U.S. jurisdiction must keep record of garbage discharges (U.S. Congress).
The Secretary of State is empowered and required to administer and enforce the MARPOL Protocol and his authority includes issuing necessary regulations (U.S. Congress 1960). Violating the Protocol is unlawful and constitutes a class D felony (U.S. Congress) as well as incurs civil liabilities. Ships must be inspected and made to report.
Certain ships shall be required to maintain refuse record books, shipboard management plans and display placards to notify the crew and passengers of the Convention's requirements (U.S. Congress 1960). International agreements shall be sought to apply the equivalent requirements to all vessels within the contemplation of the Convention and those, which call at all U.S. ports. In implementing the Protocol, the Secretary may utilize the personnel, facilities or equipment of federal departments and agencies. Violations constituting class D felony are fined an amount not to exceed $25,000.00 for each violation and up to half the fine may be given to the informant of the felony. Violations of false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations are fined for civil penalties of not more than $5,000 for each misrepresentation, with each day of continuing violation considered a separate crime. The Secretary or his designee shall determine the amount according to the nature, circumstances extent, and gravity of the crime and in consideration of the violator, the degree of culpability, history of prior offenses, ability to pay, and other relevant criteria (U.S. Congress).
The accidental wreck of a 20-tanker, 987-foot ship of Exxon Valdez in Bligh Reef led to the rupturing of eight of its 11 cargo tanks and the spilling of 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound in March 1989 (U.S. Congress 1960). Although no lives were lost, the accident was an immense disaster to fisheries, subsistence livelihoods, tourism and wildlife. Most important was the awareness that the sanctity of the Alaskan waters was most outrageously ravaged. In response, U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which established measures in preparing for and preventing spills for the implementation and enforcement of the U.S. Coast Guard. It requires transporters of oil and production...
Marine Pollution Law Although the problem of international liability and compensation for pollution caused by oil spills is specifically adressed by the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, the issue of pollution is also the object of other international treaties and conventions, such as the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, Intervention
ocean pollution, and how it is affecting marine life. It will also look at what is being done to control pollution in the United States and around the world. OCEAN POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS There are numerous pollutants contaminating the world's oceans - they have been building up for hundreds of years, and they are both man-made and natural, although man-made pollutants are much more common than natural pollutants. Over 900,000
Conservation of ocean or marine life has attracted significant attention in recent years given the devastating impacts of human activities on these ecosystems. This paper examines a study conducted to promote conservation of marine or ocean life across the globe. The review demonstrates the significance of combining policy interventions and management interventions to achieve this. Background Ocean or marine areas cover approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface. Even though the depths of
Marine Insurance The concept of Marine insurance is something that has been developing at a fast rate of late. (Marine Insurance: Barlow, Lyde and Gilbert) What exactly is insurance and how long has the concept been recognized? Insurance can be defined as a form of provision of a safety net for the distribution of risks. This is generally made in the form of a financial provision that is meant to protect
Pollution: Causes and Impact Environmental pollution is a serious threat that jeopardizes both plant and animal survival on the planet. Water and atmospheric pollution become more of a danger each passing year as the population explodes and the resources of the planet become more difficult to access. Emerging societies are also demanding the same types of luxuries and materials that the Western world has convinced them that are the symbols of
In Indonesia, this shoreline litter covers about 90% of the upper shore. How plastic debris affect marine life There are two major ways in which detrimental effects to marine life occur. One is when these marine animals become snarled up in the marine debris and the other way is when they ingest the plastic wastes. Some of the materials which can cause the snarl up are pieces of fish lines or
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
Get Started Now