, 2002). This may be particularly so since, as Van Wart (2003) points out, part of the reason for the omission of research on the subject of administrative leadership is due to the circumstance of contextual complexity in other words the difficulty of distinguishing between the varying nuances of leadership and administrative positions. One needs tight conceptualizations and empirical operationalization in order to do so. Whilst in a general stance, we may see 'leaders' as sharing the same tonal content, empirical research points out differences. The leader of paid employees, for instance, would have very different duties and expectations (and consequently responsibility) than the leader of a volunteer organization, and so forth. Issues of contextual complexity also apply to otter concepts such as mission. (Baliga & Hunt, 1988). The act of observation is also a factor in that the very act of the observer may affect the end-results (Kiel, 1994). It is for this reason that Sherman and colleagues (2002) are correct in pointing out that quantitative research is important in that scientific research can expend the field and base it on a more reliable and authoritative footing.
Whilst Van Wart (2003) argues that it is hard to analyze the concept of "leadership" scientifically and objectively being that it is a subjective concept, others insist that quantitative research could help us in many ways not least being to better deal with philosophical and major debates that have shaped leadership paradigms and research agendas. One of these debates continues to be the proper focus of the leader, namely whether it should be technical performance, development of their employees, or organizational alignment.
Definitions and perspective of leadership have gone through various paradigms from the great man theories that debated whether leaders were born or made, to transformational leadership that asserted that (Schein, 1985). Seen in another way, the developing argument was whether leadership was trait vs. situational/contextual. Leadership philosophy and debate touched on the following themes: Great Man; that leadership is innate (Pre-1900); Trait;...
Part of the problem is governmental intransigence. For the past eight years in particular, energy policy has been driven by the oil companies (Environmental News Service, 2008), resulting in clean energy having been sidelined. Another reason is that there is significant opposition from other parties as well. Business groups have opposed clean energy measures, citing fears about higher energy costs (Dorschner, 2008). These groups have proven powerful enough to
Academic Profile of Home Schooling - a Case Study Home Schooling vs. Traditional Educational Methods Home Schooling Methodology Focus of the Practicum Culture Area of Inquiry Subject/Topic Areas Home Schooling as an Alternative Curricula and Materials Used for Home Schooling The Success of Home Schooling Evaluation Design Conditions for Change Timeline Chronology Legislative Information: Maryland: A Legal Analysis State Laws and Regulations - Maryland Goulart and Travers vs. Calvert County Home-schooled Kids Find Social Growth" Home Schoolers in the Trenches" Home School Academic Advantage Increases Over Time" Home Schooling." ERIC Digest,
The media might present an issue as fact without verifying its truth via the appropriate channels, while the public in turn is eager to accept as fact what is presented to them, as this is much more simple than researching the issues themselves, or even simply verifying the truth of a stated fact. Furthermore, the authors hold that simply educating the public regarding issues of scientific controversy is far
A favorite target for conspiracists today as well as in the past, a group of European intellectuals created the Order of the Illuminati in May 1776, in Bavaria, Germany, under the leadership of Adam Weishaupt (Atkins, 2002). In this regard, Stewart (2002) reports that, "The 'great' conspiracy organized in the last half of the eighteenth century through the efforts of a number of secret societies that were striving for
The source of the current crisis can be traced to 1998 when an initial agreement was reached on a plan of action and policy guidelines to establish the Nile Basin Initiative at the 2nd Nile Technical Advisory Committee meeting held in Arusha. A few months later, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) was officially launched at an extraordinary meeting of the Nile Basin Council of Ministers, in Dar es Salaam,
E-Marketing Strategies at Apple Orchestrating rapid new product development cycles that in many cases deliver products and services that create new markets, while at the same ensuring the continual strengthening and fidelity of a global brand is a daunting strategic challenge. Incorporating the most effective approaches to Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) strategies today across a spectrum of established and emerging e-marketing channels must be managed with goals in mind first,
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