Closed systems develop operational focus and direction of resources completely independently. Openness in this regard is especially important in community policing.. Open-looped systems, on the other hand, are systems that include a feedback mechanism, whereas open-looped systems do not. Therefore, in the context of policing, open-looped systems would invest less in monitoring the results of operational strategies and procedures and would typically implement changes based mainly on the basis of compliance with hierarchical direction in the form of orders.

By contrast, closed-loop systems monitor the results of existing operational design for effectiveness and provide a mechanism for two-way communication between first-line patrol officers and their supervisors, as well as at every level of command.

Unlike open-looped systems, closed-loop systems implement change in relation to the objective measurement of results and emphasize bottom-up communication as well as -to-bottom communications.

4. According...

Staffing pertains to everything from establishing hiring criteria and administrating the application and hiring process to monitoring performance standards and responding to personnel issues requiring administrative action.. Directing encompasses communicating expectations through hierarchical leadership structure and is closely related to the controlling