During this Diaspora, the African Slave Trade transferred 9-12 million people from one continent to another with major repercussions on cultural and political traditions in the New World. There have been a number of modern Diasporas based on the post-Cold War world in which huge populations of refugees migrated from conflict, especially from developing countries (Southeast Asia, China, Afghanistan, Iran, Latin America, South American, Rwanda, etc.).
Part 1.2.1 - Civil Law is a legal system inspired by Ancient Roman law. In Civil law, laws are written into a codified collection that is a group of ideas and systems that work in tandem to help organize societies without the need for judicial interpretation. Overall, civil law is in place to formulate general principles and to distinguish substantive rules from procedural rules, and is based on the tenet that legislation is the primary source of law.
Conceptually, civil law is a group of legal ideas and systems that were derived from the Code of Justinian, but, because of legal traditions and numerous migrations (Diasporas) in the Ancient World, the legal tradition has numerous other rubrics overlayed: Germanic, Church based, feudal, and even local practices from various areas. While there are differences say, between the Germanic model and the French model, the civil codes emphasize form, structure and explanation of both abstract and concrete principles of law. The legal reasoning begins with the general and then moves to the specific. The function of the jurists within the civil-law system is to analyze the basic codes and legislation for the formulation of general theories; then to allow the system to help take those general theories and move them into the practical (we might call it strategic vs. tactical) system of applications. Jurists apply deductive reasoning to suggest an appropriate judgment or result in specific cases -- again, based on the generalities of case law. Historically, this jurist work took the form of treatises and commentaries that became the doctrine used by judges their deliberations about specific cases, lawyers for advice to their clients, and legislators in the preparation of statues and regulations.
It is in fact one of the basic traditions of civil law that often, at least in Europe, becomes somewhat problematical in view of contemporary globalization issues. That is the age of the code, the timeframe and historical basis for when it was written, and under what societal circumstances that may, or may not, fit with the general needs of contemporary legal culture. The old codes are products of a different time; they do not speak to a great range of contemporary legal and social issues. In fact, two principal consequences flow from the failure to modernize the old codes: 1) the tendency to impede economic and social change, and 2) the imposition of a greater burden on judicial interpretation as a progressive element in the legal process. The greater the gap between what society needs and what the code says, the greater the tendency for the Court to develop new interpretations of old code provisions in order to meet the need. In fact, according to Glenn, judicial decisions become a source of law, if not in theory. This takes the burden of the legal tradition to a place never intended -- law being made by the supposed interpreters of legal tradition.
Part 1.2.2 -- Within the context of society, particularly culturally, social cohesion may be thought of as the "glue" that holds society together. It is a multi-faced notion and covers numerous kinds of social phenomena -- really part of the order that society uses to agree upon forms of tradition and communication that reduce friction and allow for mutual support, information, trust and shared resources within a given society. Social cohesion within a group is typically based on cultural tradition and, over time, can become part of a legal tradition. As more and more people come together to form a broader base of society, and as those people tend to specialize, traditions move from cultural to legal in order to organize that society in a better, more efficient manner. So, as legal tradition takes over more and more cultural tradition, the state (the legal doctrines) takes over the hierarchical responsibility and social cohesion declines. Marriage laws that make sense in a small village; contracts between farmers; agreements in banking; all can be simple cultural "social cohesion" traditions until society becomes too complex and must then codify them. The idea of social cohesion helping the evolution of legal tradition is also based on networking relationships within communities;...
Business Plan INSIGNIA SYSTEMS Insignia Systems, Inc. Business Plan The Business Profile: Insignia Systems, Inc. Business Description "Insignia Systems, Inc. markets, sells and supports in-store advertising and promotional products, programs and services designed to provide retailers and consumer goods manufacturers with highly effective in-store programs and point-of-purchase display materials" (Insignia Systems, 2012) Insignia is engaged in advertising to customers in a retail environment who may otherwise not see the product advertised. One of the slogans that
Better still, don't let it happen. (para. 61) In the United States, citizens take a dim view of unbridled police powers. They were condemnatory of Samuel a. Alito, a young U.S. President Ronald Reagan administration lawyer, and Supreme Court nominee, who took an expansive view of government law-enforcement powers in manycases where he was called upon to balance the prerogatives of police and prosecutors with the rights of individuals, according
The stricter immigration laws that have recently been adopted have kept many willing immigrants with large reserves of intellectual capital out of the country. Rather, America is still relying on the more fundamental mercantilist idea of dominance. The situations of China and Russia are also explained and related to the theme of elevator assets and the importance of intellectual capital before the author concludes. Article # 4: WTO Matthews' (2013) recent
The NPC, importantly, controls both legislative and judicial functions -- true to the consolidation of power in communism. When discussing the Chinese judiciary, one must understand there are no juries, only judges; and hearsay is admissible as evidence, unlike the civil tradition. However, in keeping with civil tradition, evidence obtained from documents carries more weight than oral testimony. The judge in a Chinese court is not interested in defending
S. Circuit Court of Appeals to reaffirm restrictive gun laws since the Second Amendment was not infringed by a law that requires firearm owners to demonstrate proper cause (Nimmo par, 2). The unanimous decision by the three-judge panel was regarded as a victory for the New York State law, the American constitution, and families throughout New York who are appropriately concerned regarding the plight of gun violence that is a major
RIGHTS VS. NATIONAL LAWS National laws formulated and implemented by the federal government have often been criticized for their centralizing effect and for restraining/restricting the power of state laws. In a republican form of government, state laws have enormous significance as this form of government allows "people . . . To pass their own laws in virtue of the legislative power reposed in representative bodies, whose legitimate acts may be
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