Juvenile Justice
The Juvenile Criminal Justice System
Juvenile courts and detention separate from adult courts is a relatively new concept (ABA, 2010). Before the turn of the twentieth century, the cases for individuals of all ages were managed by the same criminal and civil courts, and the same sentences were handed out to all parties. Of course, this has changed to a great extent since 1899 in the United States, but there remain those crimes for which youthful offenders, below the age of 18 are tried as adults. This paper examines how the juvenile justice system has evolved over the last 200 years, what can lead to the transfer of a juvenile case to an adult court, and what effect transfer laws have on society.
History
The system that is now in place to house young people who were convicted of some crime separately from adults began with the opening of the House of Refuge in New York in 1825 (CJCJ, 2012). This type of reform to the system in place at the time came from the realization that young people were not as responsible for their actions as adults. In the latter part of the eighteenth century this thinking began with the man who wrote the lawyers bible, Blackstone, when he split offenders into three groups -- infants (birth to 7 years), youth (8-14 years) and adults (older than 14) (ABA, 2010). He believed that children seven years old and younger did not yet have the abstract reasoning required to understand their crimes. However, he said that for those children in the middle group that "malice supplied the age" (ABA, 2010) which meant that if the youth understood that what they did was wrong, then they were liable for the consequent punishment.
Reformers though believed that youth, as well as children, were too young to be incarcerate with adults where they learned a new level of crime and were harassed by the older inmates (CJCJ, 2012). Thus, like the House of Refuge,...
Juvenile Court Juvenile criminal justice system has enforced laws, which govern the rules for determining whether a juvenile criminal is eligible for a sentence or a counseling period is mandatory to alter the behaviors of such individuals. This system has been effectively placed for children less than the age of 21 who have reportedly committed crimes in various forms such as sex offenders; murderers etc. (Whitehead & Lab, 2012). In this
For example, Cook County, IL, has built a network of support for juvenile female offenders within the local community. The county has developed its own gender-specific assessment and treatment guidelines and has trained youth-facing community workers on assessing juvenile offenders and recommending programming. (Juvenile Justice Journal, 1999, p. 30). Also, the county designed a pilot network of social service agencies in order to provide a community-based continuum of care. (Juvenile
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