This is not really a typical swing rhythm, however. Jazz musicians almost always play eighth notes straighter than that, except perhaps in the style known as the shuffle. A correct ratio for swing cannot be given precisely. Different musicians tend to interpret swing in different ways. Earlier jazz musicians tended to play with a more exaggerated swing. Some styles of jazz - especially hybrids of jazz with other forms of music - do not use swing eighth notes in this literal sense at all. For example, eighth notes in bossa nova are usually played straight. However, the slight accent on the second half of each beat, combined with other elements of jazz expression, may still convey something of a swing feel:
One of the more notable aspects of jazz in the first place, it resides within the groups seamless melding of traditional New Orleans style jazz fundamentals into playfully organized abstractions. For example much modern jazz represents hybrid, blues/Dixieland/free jazz work, although bands veer off the straight and narrow throughout. Jazz establishes a multidimensional tone poem based on rhythmic patterns and odd-metered changes. The musicians pursue a celebratory vibe, marked by free-form interplay, conventional musings, and a bevy of cleverly enacted diversions.
Fundamentals and Techniques of Rhythm Sections
Jazz can be a contradiction to the standards of esthetics and opposed to standardized esthetics. The instruments are expressive and eruptive, not filtered through any regulations or rules of sound. A jazz musician constantly feels the sound around them and understands the power of sound. Without it, instruments could not be heard. Jazz is flexible as many musicians play multiple instruments to continue feeling the sound. Musicians look to each for answers and even adapt their style to fit the mood.
Jazz rhythms tend to be syncopated, meaning they contain unexpected accents. Also important is the concept of swing, which has to do with creating a sense of momentum and dance ability. Some styles of jazz make use of counterpoint, which occurs when several melodies with different rhythms are played simultaneously. Together, the attributes of syncopation, swing, and counterpoint create a rich rhythmic background that is one of the most important elements of jazz. In the most general sense, syncopation has to do with the creation of rhythmic surprise. The most typical way this is done is through the placement of accents. In jazz, however, accents tend to fall between the beats. If you divide each beat into two parts, the accents in jazz often fall on the second half of each beat. Furthermore, they appear irregularly; one does not tend to see the second half of every beat accented equally.
There are many instruments from which to choose but the trumpet stands out as being most popular and revolutionary as far as manipulating technique and rhythm. Analysts argue that no two trumpeters are the same but really imitating each other. In the Ken Burns' documentary Louis Armstrong is revered as Jazz's most influential musician of all time. It is clear as Berendt explains, "all trumpeters mentioned throughout history actually belong to the immediate Armstrong school" (168).
Jazz Articulations, Dynamics, Phonetics, Arranging, Harmony and Form
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Improvisation
Improvisation is possibly the most important element of jazz, rivaled only by swing in the eyes and ears of most observers. At some point in almost every jazz performance, one or more musicians will be expected to improvise. Improvisation usually occurs in the context of a solo, where one musician is improvising a melody while others improvise accompaniment. Some performances feature group improvisation more than solos, however. In either case, the improvisation is usually the focal point of the performance. How does a jazz musician decide what to play when improvising? It is not as mysterious a process as some might think. In many ways, it is similar to conversation. We start with a basic idea of what we are going to say, and then we find the words to express our thoughts. The topic we are discussing and the people we are speaking with influence what we say and how we say it. There are also rules of grammar that guide our speech. Most importantly, though, we should have something interesting to say.
Jazz improvisation is not all that different. The style of the composition being played and the personal style of the musicians involved shape the overall sound of the performance. The composition itself will usually specify some parameters for improvisation - usually the...
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Studies here included in this set are evaluations of large multisite and single site after school programs; evaluations of school- and community-based models; evaluations assessing a narrow to a broad range of outcomes; key developmental research studies; and key meta-analyses and research syntheses (Little, Wimer, and Weiss, 2007, 3). In Music for Citizenship, David J. Elliott, he elaborates upon the vision of Paul Woodford in Democracy and Music Education who
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Toni Morrison What meanings can be attributed to the literary accomplishments of American author Toni Morrison? How does Morrison use history to portray her stories and her characters? How did Morrison become known as one of the premier African-American authors in America? This paper delves into those issues and others relevant to the writing of Toni Morrison. What meanings are attributed to the works of Toni Morrison? Critic Marilyn Sanders Mobley -- in
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