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Inter-Culture Communication Holfstede's Cultural Dimensions Essay

masculinity. Holfstede used feminine values of modesty and caring and masculine values of assertiveness and competitiveness to arrive at this score. Masculinity differs from the macho image. When the difference is not recognized, Turkey rated lower than if it was recognized. Compare with Japan, which got the highest score at 98% and Sweden at only 5% (McPherson). In conducting research on national cultures, one must keep in mind that averages do not relate to individuals in a country or destination under study. Even if Holfstede's model has proved accurate quite often in general population studies, a researcher must be careful not to assume that all the individuals or even regions with subcultures, necessarily fit. Research can only serve as guide to understanding differences between countries. It does not set a solid law. There will always be exceptions to the rule and the findings of research (McPherson). #

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agnarella, Paul J.M. Turkey. Countries and Their Cultures: Advameg, Inc., 2011.

Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Turkey.html

Beyazit, Eda et al. Evaluating Istanbul in the Process of European Capital of Culture

2010. 42nd ISoCaRP Congress. International Society of City and Regional Planning,

2011. Retrieved...

Hofstede's Cultural Factors. Changing Minds, 2011. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.changingminds.org/explanations/culture/hofstede_culture.htm
Dincmen, Nihat. Istanbul Business Culture and Business Environment Istanbul Life:

Istanbul Life.org, 2000. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.istanbullife.org/istanbul_business_culture.htm

Ehow. Turkish Dating Culture. eHow.com: Demand Media, Inc. Retrieved on http://www.ehow.com/about_6514050_turkish-dating-culture.html

Isayev, Ismayil. Istanbul: a City of Global Cultural Importance? Washington Review:

Review of Turkish and Eurasian Affairs, 2011. Retrieved on December 11, 2011

from http://www.washingtonreview.org/articles/is-istanbul-a-city-if-global-culture-importance.html

Kjeilen, Tore. Istanbul. Look Lex Encyclopedia: LexicOrient, 2011. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.i-cias.com/e-o/istanbul.htm

McPherson, Charlotte. Difference between Eastern and Western Thinking. Today's

Zaman: Feza Gazetecilik A-S, 2007. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.odayszaman.com/columnist-22324-differences-between-eastern-and-western-thinking.html

Sources used in this document:
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agnarella, Paul J.M. Turkey. Countries and Their Cultures: Advameg, Inc., 2011.

Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Turkey.html

Beyazit, Eda et al. Evaluating Istanbul in the Process of European Capital of Culture

2010. 42nd ISoCaRP Congress. International Society of City and Regional Planning,
2011. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/762.pdf
Changing Minds. Hofstede's Cultural Factors. Changing Minds, 2011. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.changingminds.org/explanations/culture/hofstede_culture.htm
Istanbul Life.org, 2000. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.istanbullife.org/istanbul_business_culture.htm
Ehow. Turkish Dating Culture. eHow.com: Demand Media, Inc. Retrieved on http://www.ehow.com/about_6514050_turkish-dating-culture.html
from http://www.washingtonreview.org/articles/is-istanbul-a-city-if-global-culture-importance.html
Kjeilen, Tore. Istanbul. Look Lex Encyclopedia: LexicOrient, 2011. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.i-cias.com/e-o/istanbul.htm
Zaman: Feza Gazetecilik A-S, 2007. Retrieved on December 14, 2011 from http://www.odayszaman.com/columnist-22324-differences-between-eastern-and-western-thinking.html
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