¶ … Communications
This age is often referred to as the information era: the last two decades have given birth to some of the most staggering advancements that the human race has ever been capable of -- advancements which have changed the way that we live, do business, stay healthy, fight disease and defend our nation. It's vital to have a comprehensive and concrete understanding of some of the more basic concepts which help to shape this technology, particularly because this data is only going to continue to evolve. This data will explore, compare and contrast some of those more basic terms.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) refers to a massive computer network that generally encompasses a city or a large campus, usually interconnecting a range of number local area networks, while engaging in high-capacity infrastructure technology, including fiber-optical links, and offering up-link services to wider area networks (WAN) including the Internet and in cable television (Princeton.edu). Other experts describe the MAN as not being large, but being medium sized and used primarily to construct networks with high data connection speeds for cities and towns (Janssen, 2013). "The working mechanism of a MAN is similar to an Internet Service Provider (ISP), but a MAN is not owned by a single organization. Like a WAN, a MAN provides shared network connections to its users. A MAN mostly works on the data link layer, which is Layer 2 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) is the MAN standard specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as IEEE 802.6. Using this standard, a MAN extends up to 30-40 km, or 20-25 miles" (Janssen, 2013).
Certain technologies which are used for the functionality of a MAN are things like the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM, FDDI and SMDS though these technologies are rapidly being displaced by Ethernet-based connections in most regions (Janssen, 2013). MAN makes a connection among most local area networks without cables using radio or microwave links (Princeton.edu). Many firms will even rent circuits from standard carriers as a result of the fact that it can simply be expensive to lay long stretches of cable. DQDB, Distributed Queue Dual Bus, is largely considered the standard for data communication: using this standard, networks can extend to 20 miles and operate at higher speeds. It's important to note that certain networks began as MANs, such as MAE-West and MAE-East (Princeton.edu).
Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a particular time frame (habitually a single second in the time period used). "In computer networks, bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data transfer rate - the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second). This kind of bandwidth is usually expressed in bits (of data) per second (bps). Occasionally, it's expressed as bytes per second (Bps)" (Rouse, 2014). Thus, for example, a modem that functions at 57,600 bps has two times the amount of bandwidth than a modem that functions at 28,800 bps. Thus, the connection with a high bandwidth is that it needs to be able to move enough information to help satisfy the flow of images within a video presentation (Rouse, 2014). It's also really important to bear in mind that legitimate communications generally is made up of a series of links, each which have their own bandwidth. Thus, if one is slower than the others, it can be viewed as a bandwidth bottleneck (Rouse, 2014). It's also crucial to remember that at least pertaining to electronic communication, bandwidth is the width or narrowness of the range of frequencies which is depended upon by an electronic signal onto a particular transmission medium.
Thus, in this regard, bandwidth is demonstrated in terms of the distinctions between the highest frequency signal and the lowest frequency aspect of a signal: "Since the frequency of a signal is measured in hertz (the number of cycles of change per second), a given bandwidth is the difference in hertz between the highest frequency the signal uses and the lowest frequency it uses. A typical voice signal has a bandwidth of approximately three kilohertz (3 kHz); an analog television (TV) broadcast video signal has a bandwidth of six megahertz (6 MHz) -- some 2,000 times as wide as the voice signal" (Rouse, 2014). These are all really important distinctions to be aware of, as they can all engage in their own level of influence, particularly when dealing with a range of electronic and communicative...
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