Also, he notes that the piety of Isabella and Ferdinand was not altogether negative. For example, when Columbus sent home "shiploads of Indians" from the New World, the court's theologians and Isabella in particular strongly protested such an action. (Elliot, p.70)
After the reign of Isabella, as he had no heir, Ferdinand was forced by the laws of succession to transfer the rule of Spain over to the Habsburg dynasty. This transfer of power lead to the control of Spain by an equally devout and expansionist leader, Charles V. Charles declared a global war against heresy, the Protestantism that was overtaking Europe. Charles failed in his quest, as was evident in the eventual domination of Calvinism and Lutheranism in Northern Europe. However, for some time Spain managed to continue its hold upon its far-reaching colonies in the Americas, despite the increasing opposition of the Protestant powers it had declared Spain's sworn enemies.
Perhaps the most unexpected part of the text is its illumination of important financial aspects in Spain's coming to dominate Europe, such as its importance in sheep farming. In a land with "hard and barren" soil, "sheep-farming" proved more important than sustained agricultural production. (Elliot, p.33) The medieval wool trade made Spain's export market yet another financial source for its expansion, as well as the considerable amount of goods that it was harvesting from its colonies in the New World.
Eventually, however, Charles V's territorial ambitions began to exhaust even Spain's coffers. Elliot details the final financial troubles of the reign of Charles, as a result of his frequent absenteeism as well as his militarism, which nearly bankrupted the nation, despite its great wealth upon the eve of his succession. Charles' own successor, his...
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