Human Experimentation
Experimentation with human subjects raises a number of important moral implications. Modern protections for human subjects have their history in the Nuremberg Code, written for the Nuremberg Military Tribunal as a standard for judging the human experiments performed by the Nazis in WWII. The Declaration of Helsinki in 1964 further defined codes for human research, and the United States first implemented regulations for protecting human subjects as late as 1984 under the auspices of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW). That same year the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research began work on the Belmont Report. The report, published in 1978, set out the key ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice that now underlie legislation involving research that on human subjects (United States Department of Health & Human Services). Today, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations at 45 CFR 46 govern human research (Office for Protection from Research Risks).
The lengthy history of such attempts to define codes of conduct for human research reflects the philosophic difficulties underlying such attempts. Human research brings into consideration a large number of moral issues, including the rights of the individual, the needs of larger society, economic benefits of research, and potential...
Human Cloning This report aims to address various issues and concerns regarding human cloning. "On Sunday morning, 23 February 1997, the world awoke to a technological advance that shook the foundations of biology and philosophy. On that day, we were introduced to Dolly, a 6-month-old lamb that had been cloned directly from a single cell taken from the breast tissue of an adult donor." (Brannigan, 10) But that was a sheep
This bill was sent to the U.S. Senate and set for vote mirroring a bill previously passed by the House during the Summer of 2003 which failed to pass the Senate because of vehement disagreement that was even "within the parties over the prohibition of therapeutic cloning.(National Legislation Concerning Human and Reproductive Cloning, 2004; paraphrased) As of the date of the report on legislation eight U.S. states had passed
(Freyhofer 104) Globalizing clinical research has reportedly proven to be one solution for America's pharmaceutical paradox. Doctors prescribe more than 10 prescriptions for the average American each year. Only one person in 350, however, will submit themselves to be a participant in experimental drug testing. On the other side of the globe, however a profusion of under-treated, poor, physician-trusting patients who live in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia
Nineteenth century physiologist Claude Bernard first started practicing experimental medicine on animals. Bernard thought it was immoral to conduct laboratory experiments on humans, if these test were not proven first proven to be safe on animals (LaFollette and Shanks, 1994). Man, as the most intelligent species of the animal kingdom, is constantly discovering new and innovative ideas to improve his life style and the quality of life. A proof of
Also, the different moral patterns of between the genders, as analyzed by Gillian, remains controversial, as the inherently 'separate' moral system of men and women (to say nothing of psychologist's ability to define what constitutes adult morality at all) is part of the raging debate on how to create truly fair, gender-neutral tests and classroom environments. In terms of usefulness on a personal level, the different ways of dealing
The Moral Equation: Observations of animals, whether in the wild, in captivity, or in experimental cages reveal undeniable evidence that they perceive physical pain and discomfort as well as pain as acutely as we do (Tangley 2000). Anecdotal evidence of numerous well documented instances seems to suggest that many animals also experience emotions such as grief from of loss of companionship (Moussaieff-Masson 1995). Not uncommonly, it is scientists and medical researchers themselves
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