¶ … evolution of plant viruses. All five peer-reviewed articles are related because they all delve into the evolution of plant viruses.
Plant feeding by insect vectors can affect life cycle, population genetics and evolution of plan viruses, Gutierrez, et al., 2013. Plants use insects as the vectors for the spread of viruses. Insects historically go from one plant (host) to another; but recent evidence shows that viruses in plants, as they evolve, can actually have an influence "vector physiology and behavior" (Gutierrez, 2013). There is the possibility that insect "stresses" -- while feeding on plants -- may cause "major switches" in the way viruses evolve in plants (Gutierrez, 610).
The researchers found that "numerous plant viruses" can be and are transmitted by not just one insect, but by several insects. For example one species of aphids probes into a plant and another aphid species also makes "test probes"; this creates a "genetic bottleneck" (Gutierrez, 616). Researchers learned that by measuring those bottlenecks they can understand the insect feeding behaviors. Insects that colonize on a host plant for a long-term provide the best chances for transmission of viruses (to the next plant they visit). Results of this research show that: a) when it is beneficial for the parasite to kill the host, it can; and b) some viruses in plants perceive the presence of virus-carrying insects and " ... switch a major aspect of the life cycle" through "tissue tropism" to kill the host "rapidly" (Gutierrez, 620).
Biological and molecular events associated with simultaneous...
6 Climate was also found to be a significant variable and it was hypothesized that landscape patterns may influence important microclimate conditions that have an affect on the reproduction and survival of pathogens. For example, temperature has been found be related to structural aspects of the landscape such as overstorey canopy, The central hypothesis that was tested was that, "...small isolated forest fragments have lower levels of P. ramorum infection, owing
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