Verified Document

How To Various Pathogens Impact Their Host Plants Essay

¶ … evolution of plant viruses. All five peer-reviewed articles are related because they all delve into the evolution of plant viruses. Plant feeding by insect vectors can affect life cycle, population genetics and evolution of plan viruses, Gutierrez, et al., 2013. Plants use insects as the vectors for the spread of viruses. Insects historically go from one plant (host) to another; but recent evidence shows that viruses in plants, as they evolve, can actually have an influence "vector physiology and behavior" (Gutierrez, 2013). There is the possibility that insect "stresses" -- while feeding on plants -- may cause "major switches" in the way viruses evolve in plants (Gutierrez, 610).

The researchers found that "numerous plant viruses" can be and are transmitted by not just one insect, but by several insects. For example one species of aphids probes into a plant and another aphid species also makes "test probes"; this creates a "genetic bottleneck" (Gutierrez, 616). Researchers learned that by measuring those bottlenecks they can understand the insect feeding behaviors. Insects that colonize on a host plant for a long-term provide the best chances for transmission of viruses (to the next plant they visit). Results of this research show that: a) when it is beneficial for the parasite to kill the host, it can; and b) some viruses in plants perceive the presence of virus-carrying insects and " ... switch a major aspect of the life cycle" through "tissue tropism" to kill the host "rapidly" (Gutierrez, 620).

Biological and molecular events associated with simultaneous...

Syller explains that plants are often infected with more than one virus which allows the vector to transmit more than one virus simultaneously to another plant. This, in turn, results in " ... multiple infections of new host plants," which greatly increases the possibility of diseases spreading (Syller, 417). Syller addresses multiple infections by aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, fungi and nematodes. One issue Syller seeks to address is how frequently do multiple viral infections occur in "arable weeds" and "crop plants"? (417).
Syller explains (referencing existing empirical studies) that an aphid can transmit a "non-circulative" virus almost as soon as it acquires that virus (no latent period is required). The virions (the infectious part of a virus) lock on to the aphid's epicuticle (outer layer of the exoskeleton) which lines the mouthparts of the insect. But the circulative virus require longer for the aphid to feed; the virions are in the aphid's body now, and the virus ends up in the insect's salivary glands before being introduced into plants (Syller, 419). Whiteflies, on the other hand, are not known to transmit multiple viruses as often as aphids, albeit whiteflies transmit "tomato chlorosis virus" (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) simultaneously; and whiteflies are also known to simultaneously infect Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV) and Okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) in pepper plants in Mexico, among the "most important horticultural plants…

Sources used in this document:
Works Cited

Garcia-Arenal, F., and Fraile, A. (2013). Trade-offs in host range evolution of plant viruses. Plant Pathology, vol. 62, 2-9.

Gutierrez, S., Michalakis, Y., Van Munster, M., and Blanc, S. (2013). Plant feeding by insect vectors can affect life cycle, population genetics and evolution of plant viruses. Functional Ecology, vol. 27, 610-622.

Rojas, M.R., Hagen, C., Lucas, W.J., and Gilbertson, R.L. (2005). Exploiting Chinks in the Plants' Armor: Evolution and Emergence of Geminiviruses. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 43(1), 361-383.

Syller, J. (2014). Biological and molecular events associated with simultaneous transmission of plant viruses by invertebrate and fungal vectors. Molecular Plant Pathology, 15(4),
Cite this Document:
Copy Bibliography Citation

Related Documents

Forestry-Sudden Oak Death Analysis and
Words: 2903 Length: 10 Document Type: Term Paper

6 Climate was also found to be a significant variable and it was hypothesized that landscape patterns may influence important microclimate conditions that have an affect on the reproduction and survival of pathogens. For example, temperature has been found be related to structural aspects of the landscape such as overstorey canopy, The central hypothesis that was tested was that, "...small isolated forest fragments have lower levels of P. ramorum infection, owing

Management of Immunocompromised Patients in Beginning I
Words: 2391 Length: 8 Document Type: Essay

Management of Immunocompromised Patients In beginning I writer specific nursing assignment. The Question: 2000 Words While clinical placement asked prepare a single room an admission. The patient requiring admission isolation room immunocompromised. Immunocompromised patients usually require isolation in order to prevent them from becoming infected with infections from other patients which is known as protective isolation. For the immunocompromised patients, their immune system is unable to fight the infectious diseases. There are

Biofuels to Dissect Locust Guts
Words: 3671 Length: 10 Document Type: Dissertation

Importance of locust guts for this Study Prediction of the increase in the worldwide energy consumption by 54% between 2001 and 2025 has led to the considerable interest in the production of bioenergy to meet the future needs. Energy derived from biofuels is converted from the metabolism of living organisms. Typically, biofuels has been identified by scientist and environmentalist as the most promising alternative to petroleum and fossil fuels. Biofuels are

Meat Packing Industry
Words: 6838 Length: 20 Document Type: Term Paper

Safety and Health Issues in Meat Processing Industry In the meat processing industry, health and safety issues are of vital importance, in view of the several risks arising out of microbial contamination of meat and the occupational hazards faced by workers. Past experiences have shown that microbial reproduction in meat and meat products can reach alarming proportions traversing across countries and even continents. The infamous mad cow disease and the foot

Air Traffic
Words: 28110 Length: 102 Document Type: Thesis

Air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and

Prokaryotes Consist of Millions of Genetically Distinct
Words: 2739 Length: 10 Document Type: Term Paper

prokaryotes consist of millions of genetically distinct unicellular organisms. A procaryotic cell has five essential structural components: a genome (DNA), ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, and some sort of surface layer which may or may not be an inherent part of the wall (1). Functional aspects of procaryotic cells are related directly to the structure and organization of the macromolecules in their cell make-up, i.e., DNA, RNA, phospholipids, proteins

Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help

Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.

Get Started Now