Health Care Economics In economics, cost-benefit analysis assists in evaluating the costs of an approach in terms of resources spent while cost-effective analysis evaluates the costs as achieving some sort of benefit which is not evaluated in monetary terms. Moreover, cost-benefit study examines several aspects including net-present value, present value of benefit, and present value of costs; in line with this, if a project indicates that the monetary outcome is greater than initial costs, the project will be initiated (Amartya, 2000). On the other hand, cost-effective analysis requires a value judgment; since an individual is required to determine how much value is provided by the spent capital.

The other difference is that cost-benefit analysis assigns monetary value to any benefit; the analysis evaluates the benefits in terms of how effective that benefit is; however, it is difficult to quantify the monetary amount. As an example, the health sector uses cost-effective analysis to evaluate how a particular action can lengthen life; on the contrary, cost-benefit analysis measures the particular health initiative in terms of cost.

The other major difference between these two analyses is the factors that make up the study. As an example, during purchase of a car, cost-benefit analysis assists in assessing all costs associated with a car, including selling price, maintenance and the amount of miles per gallon the car gets; the outcome of a cost-benefit study thus shows a car which cost less to own over a period of time. On the other and, cost-effective evaluates not only car's price, but also other value added features like the comfort of the seats, the look of the car, whether it has a GPS installed and any other luxury features.

Question 2

Cost effective and cost utility analyses when used in health settings, they often result in different results. In this regard, the cost effective analysis looks at economic decision making to weigh up the costs and effects of a particular economic action (Black, 1990). For example, a physician may look at various ways of treating a particular disease but is likely to compare the costs and see how much of the disease can be treated with the given money. Therefore, cost effectiveness analysis is used in choosing the life expectancy of 1 year, then it is assumed the cost utility of the treatment is £400,000 per year. As a concern, there exists a strong overlap between cost effectiveness and cost utility analysis, cost utility analysis is usually referred to as a specific case relating to health care and life expectancy.
Question 3

Given the opportunity to organize a perfect healthcare system, I would use Charge-based payments as the major financing method. In this method, the hospitals would be required to set defined prices for each hospital service. The hospital-established charge is then to be paid either directly by the patient or the patient's health insurance company.

The best reimbursement method I will use is prospective payments since it is widely used by most health care institutions. The hospitals are free to select the procedures they view as medically necessary for each patient and how much will be paid. In line with this, the insurance and government payers' lays out what is necessary for each patient and informs the provider as to which costs will be paid for and which will not (Phelps, 1992).

For the proposed perfect health care system, it is required that health care organizations evolve from a traditional medical mode to a learning mode of production characterized by continuous innovation, teamwork and shared values. To achieve this ideal, strategic leaders need to overcome resistance to change, which is particularly strong among physicians, who often regard their values as conflicting with those of their institutions. To promote organizational change within health care institutions, leaders are needed who understand the human values at work within organizations and who…