¶ … Gestalt theory according to Koffka (Kurt Koffka, Excerpt from "Perception: An introduction to Gestalt-theories" 1922), an act psychology in the tradition of Brentano?
The basic principle behind Gestalt theory is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt theory focuses on the structures of the mind As an alternative to Gestalt theory Franz Brentano stressed that it is the activities of the mind that are worthy of scientific study, not mental structures: "When one sees a color, the color itself is not mental. It is the seeing, the act that is mental....every act always refers to (or intends) something outside of itself (intentionality); thus, acts are inseparable from the objects to which they intend" (Act psychology, 2012, Psychology History Timeline). However, Gestalt psychologists like Koffka stressed how it was the mind itself, not the object or the activity that should be the target of study. "I would call the desk at which I am now writing a perception, likewise the flavor of the tobacco" writes Koffka (Koffka 1922: Introduction). Consciousness cannot be reduced to the object outside itself in Gestalt theory; rather it is based in the mental state of the learner. Because Gestalt stresses the importance...
Sensation is how our receptors perceive an object. Association is based in our personal associations with the object, and attention is what details we give particular attention to, as opposed to others. Perception is thus highly individualistic, and perception of the same objects can vary, based upon the individual. The existence of optical illusions demonstrates that the mind is what is significant when studying human consciousness, not the thing itself.
How is Freud's theory "functional" in the sense of a biological adaptation underlying psychological processes (Sigmund Freud, Excerpt from New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis 1933)?
Freud's theory of the id, ego, and superego is often thought of as a metaphorical representation of the human consciousness. However, Freud's theory was based upon biological conceptions of the human mind at the time. "In Freud's day,…
