¶ … Gender on Self-Esteem in China
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Effects of Gender on Self-Esteem in China
Six studies present varying results on the effect of gender on self-esteem. Watkins & Yu (1993) found gender to have little effect on self-esteem but much on self-concept and self-satisfaction, especially among Chinese women. Zhang & Leung (2002) suggested the moderating factors of gender and age in the connection between individual and collective self-esteem and life satisfaction. Their research concluded that the connection is stronger on the male, thus the genders require different tasks in order to be effective. Huang et al. (2012) found that the androgynous personality type as the ideal one and that gender and grade influenced the distribution of personality types. Yang & Xia (2006) listed the cognitive and social factors in condom use among Shanghai commercial sex entertainment workers. Zhao et al. (2011) established the importance of attachment relationship with caregivers to vulnerable Chinese children. Most caregivers are female. Li et al. (2010) enumerated the parental, behavioral and psychological factors to smoking among Chinese teenagers, including female. Other studies (Somislo & Ortho, 2013; Mak et al., 2012) say that gender does not significantly affect low-self-esteem or depression and that Chinese teenage boys tend to have a higher body esteem than girls.
Introduction
Gender Affects Self-Concept and Self-Satisfaction
A 1993 study conducted with male and female students in mainland China found little difference in the effect of gender on their level of self-esteem (Watkins and Yu, 1993). But it supplied evidence on the effect of gender to their self-concept and self-satisfaction. Respondents to the study were 99 male and 90 female undergraduates. The results indicated the necessity for conducting multidimensional measures of the self and to preserve the distinction between self-concept and self-esteem (Watkins and Yu).
Stronger in the Male
A 2002 study drew on the findings of earlier studies on the effect of both individual and collective self-esteem on life satisfaction (Zhang & Leung, 2002). When these earlier studies found a connection, it suggested further study on the influence of other conditions, this present study sought to discover the moderating effects of gender and age on that connection among the Chinese. The respondents were 1,347 mainland Chinese, aged 14 to 88 from three generations, 52.3% of whom were female. Their...
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