It questions the use of universal management practices and advocates using traditional, behavioral, and systems viewpoints independently or in combination to deal with various circumstances. The contingency approach assumes that managerial behavior is dependent on a wide variety of elements. Thus, it provides a framework for integrating the knowledge of management thought. ("Management History")
Most recently, various new management viewpoints and approaches have emerged to meet new and challenging workplace situations, and continue to emerge (Dixon; Jangla; "Management History"). Quality management emphasizes customer satisfaction through the guaranteed delivery of the highest-quality goods and services to consumers (Jangla). Reengineering, as a management and quality control technique, has to do with reconfiguring processes that may lead to greater satisfaction on the part of customers ("Management History").
Chaos theory holds that a corporation is a "complex adaptive system that interacts and evolves with its surroundings" ("Management History").
What seems clearest, in surveying all of these past and present management theories, is that new theories of management, some better and longer-lasting than others, generally emerge in response to changing workplace, requirements, expectations, and needs: of managers; workers; customers, and society alike. Management theories evolve to fit current...
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