617). Certainly, it is one thing to mandate policies that apply to normal circumstances such as a warehouse fire where property should be protected but not at the expense of emergency responders' lives; by very sharp contrast, though, when human beings are in jeopardy and emergency responders believe they can make a difference in a life-or-death outcome, polices do not mean all that much. This relativistic view of what emergency responders should and must do became the focus of policymakers following the 1995 attack on the Murrah Building with a more reasoned approach to what emergency responders should and must do. In this regard, Lewis et al. conclude, "The experience in Oklahoma City demonstrates that a sense of proportion about human achievement in extraordinary situations simultaneously encourages realistic views about routine professional capacities and allows for normal human frailties and an appropriate reward structure. This proportionality thereby contributes to a supportive work environment in conventional circumstances" (p. 617). Yet other reviews of the emergency responders' actions were more directly related to changes in federal policies concerning what responses were best suited to natural and manmade disasters of this magnitude that had implications for the nation's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In this regard, Lewis and her colleagues also note that, "Other ethical issues arise in the realm of national policy, as Congress and the president sought to respond effectively to the threat of domestic terrorism through the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 [Public Law No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1215], presidential directives, executive reorganizations of counter-terrorist efforts, and public reassurances" (p. 617). Clearly, the Oklahoma City attack on the Murrah Building was responsible in large part for the passage of this law designed to help improve the nation's responsiveness to such events in the future. For instance, according to El-Ayouty, Galgan, Greene and Welsey (2004), "In 1996, Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), largely in response to the 1993 World Trade Center and 1995 Oklahoma City attacks. The Act was designed to deter terrorism, provide justice...
251). While it is clear that the AEDPA did not "deter terrorism" on September 11, 2001, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 clearly contributed to this revision in how the nation viewed such acts and what should be done in response to them.
Domestic Terrorism on Policing since 911 Criminal justice incorporates government institutional systems and practices that aim at combating and deterring crime, or sanctioning the law offenders through rehabilitation efforts or criminal penalties, all with a goal of upholding social control. The accused persons have entitlement to protection against any investigatory and prosecution power abuses, unless found guilty. Despite all these efforts, criminal activities within the globe has ever been at
Law Enforcement Responses on Terrorism Law Enforcement on Terrorism The paper covers the topic, Law Enforcement Responses on Terrorism. It creates the understanding of Terrorism and the impact on the society, as well as the threats it poses to law enforcement agents. The paper identifies various tactics that law enforcement officials employ in order to deal with terrorist activities, for example, the use of technology such as GIS (Geographical information systems). The
Causes of Domestic Terrorism Advocates for political change and social concern are at the forefront of domestic terrorism in the United States. Domestic terrorism references groups and individuals based in and operate within the United States. Terrorism is noted as the oldest form of solving human conflict and was historically to declare war. The Federal Code of Regulations defines terrorism, a relevant term, as "...the unlawful use of force and violence against
WMDs and Emergency Response Although it is still fresh, the most recent major terrorist incident was the most severe: the attack on the World Trade Center twin towers in New York City and on the Pentagon. Thousands of people died on September 11, 2001, but the severity of the terrorist attack is not only based on the total number of casualties. The attacks on the United States by Al Qaeda on
Jurisdictional Emergency Planning for Domestic TerrorismDespite the confluence of multiple unprecedented existential threats to the United States and its citizens, including an ongoing global pandemic which is proving remarkably resilient, intensifying climate change and corresponding global warming, as well as Russian and North Korean dictators who are increasingly rattling their nuclear-tipped sabers, many security analysts agree that the most pressing threat facing America today is domestic terrorism. The purpose of
Norfolk Virginia is a medium sized city, and like many other local communities, has had to adapt to the new reality that the events of September 11, 2001 have forced the nation to accept. In the wake of the attacks a federal Commission was charged with exploring the causes, events, and lessons to be learned from the tragedy. This commission recommended a dual path approach to keeping the nation safe:
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