Electronic Navigation Systems are continually developing in order to provide pilots and captains the ability to precisely navigate both ships and aircraft under even the most treacherous of conditions. Modern technological advances have changed the way navigators estimate time, location and distance to destination. Among the electronic navigational instruments used in contemporary society are radar devices including the DECCA and LORAN. GPS is also a commonly used electronic navigational system that has afforded pilots the ability to estimate distance and location with high precision. Electronic navigation has enabled pilots of aircraft to make estimates that are within a 90% or more accuracy range. The primitive systems utilized by early navigators would never approach the precision of modern day systems. Both electronic navigation and instruments used historically for navigational purposes will be explored in greater detail below.
The history of navigation is varied. In times of old non-electronic systems were used to gauge location and distance. Celestial navigation was commonly used in the earliest times to help ship captains navigate. Up until the 20th century in fact, the term navigation was limited primarily to defining how ships were guided across seas (Johansen, 1999) In contemporary society however electronic navigation now determines where a ship is located using radar and radio waves, via electronic instruments that interpret the directional properties of those waves (Johansen, 1999). Even more relevant, electronic navigation is being used by aircrafts and air control towers to ensure accurate and precision landing, in inclement weather and under tight airport conditions.
Prior to the use of electronic navigation instruments, charts were used to aid sailors traveling across land and sea. Charts were usually crafted from observations of the sun and/or stars; they took into consideration the distance of a foreign land based on the time it took to cover the area (Johansen, 1999). The magnetic compass was later invented, further supporting navigational causes. In addition to use of the compass, early navigators utilized the cross-staff and astrolabe, which were two devices that the ancient Greeks had used to "measure the altitudes of celestial bodies." Many early explorers utilized these devices with some success, although the end results were certainly...
The main objective of e-shop promotional program consists in attracting traffic, and especially visitors, and potential buyers. Given the current state of the restaurant and its significant growth objectives, it is recommended to implement an aggressive strategy that is able to create a strong image of the restaurant in the customers' mind. For example, the advertising strategy should start with registering the website in several search engines. This will
The Web Accessibility Initiative (W3C) specifically concentrates on defining the intersection between usability for those who are handicapped, the elderly, and those that are faced with limitations in terms of being able to get online. The reliance on ISO Standard 9241-11 (Green, Pearson, 2006) defines the extent to which there are uniformity in the design of graphical interfaces and the use of consistently of navigational aids in the form
Internet & Electronic Marketing Website & Business Model Target Market & Consumer Behavior Building & Maintaining Customer Relationships F. Recommendations for Website Improvement G. Conclusion H. References Pace University is a comprehensive non-profit university that offers its educational services to online students and to the more traditional brick-and-mortar student. As the university competes with global universities, the web presence must convey the value and quality of the education as well as enable the student to make an
Marketing In order to incorporate the electronic education business into Med Ed, Learner is going to need to set out some performance benchmarks for the unit that reflect the bricks-and-mortar Med Ed educational leadership. There are a few different issues, therefore, that need to be covered. The first is the setting of performance benchmarks, which should reflect both the competencies of Cyber Health and the mission of Med Ed. The second
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One example is the Titanic incident, which led to far greater safety standards on cruise ships. He talks about how cars changed the face of the American landscape, and created everything from superhighways to motor courts and carhops. Cars made it easier to get from here to there, but they create pollution, traffic jams, and numerous causalities, too. He maintains that as we develop even more reliance on computers
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