Ecology Field Trip
The purpose of this field experiment was to determine the composition of the oak forest on and around Hubbard Hill, determining tree type frequency and size through a random sampling process. This is important for ecological purposes in determining the overall needs and structure of the oak forest ecosystem, at least insofar as different tree species are concerned, and for tracking levels of forest growth, loss, or change through repeated measurements/sampled conducted over time. A secondary purpose of this field exercise more directly aimed at the educational objectives was an exposure to the methods and skills necessary for conducting an accurate and effective sample, giving students needed experience.
Methods
Two different sampling methods were utilized in the actual conducting of the field experiment, and the results later compared and combined in analysis. Both sampling methods began with the use of a random number chart to determine transect lines and compass directions, and to determine points along these transect lines for observations/sampling. A drag line was extended along the transect line, once determined, to aid in consistency and the ease of conducting the sample n an accurate manner. Trees included in the measurement were those greater than ten centimeters (in practice, nine-and-a-half centimeters, to account for measurement discrepancies) in diameter at breast height, with breast height defined as 137 centimeters. Measurements/estimates for split-stemmed trees were taken nearer the ground, below the split.
For the plot sample method, a square plot ten meters by ten meters was created around each plot, extending ten meters from the pre-determined observation point along the length of the transect line, and five meters in both directions perpendicular to the transect line. All trees within this square of appropriate size were recorded by species and size. The second sampling method originated with the same randomly predetermined point on the transect line that was used to mark the location of the plot, however this point was used as the center of four quadrants defined by the drag line and an imagined perpendicular line, and the tree nearest to the center point in each quadrant that met the size criteria was recorded. This led to some degree of overlap in the sampling, as there was always the potential for the trees in the forward quadrants to have also been included in the plot, and indeed this was frequently the case.
Results
The first table demonstrates the results of the plot sampling method, which examined all trees of diameter greater than 9.5 centimeters when measured at breast height within each of the randomly identified ten-meter square plots. A total of three hundred and thirty two trees were included in the observations made via this method, and a full third of these trees were white pines -- by far the most common tree in the forest according to the sample, and by a wide enough margin to make this a comfortable statement to apply to the forest as a whole. Yellow birches and red oaks were almost equally represented, the point of having statistically equal populations and frequencies in the forest, with significant red maple populations as well. Other varieties of oak,...
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