Women constituted thirteen percent of the personnel. Data collected by officers' mobile data computers between 17 January 2000 and 31 March 2000 were used in the study. Consistent with the conflict theory, the authors tested whether racial and socioeconomic variables increased the likelihood of traffic stops, traffic stops resulting in search, and traffic stops resulting in summons of arrest. Ordinary least squares regression was used as the primary analytic tool to test the hypotheses. The research led to mixed results, challenging and confirming some of the hypotheses of conflict theorists. Traffic police of Richmond, Virginia were more likely to stop suspects in areas of high crime, regardless of race or socioeconomic factors. Traffic stops resulting in search, however, disproportionately targeted Black citizens than Whites. But the arrest summons resulting from traffic stops were lower for Blacks. The authors explain that police officers may not be aware of the citizen's race while stopping but are more likely to search Black citizens because of common perceptions in the neighborhood. But the arrest rates for Blacks are lower because of the lack of evidences police officers can find through searches.
Vowell P, May D. Another Look at Classic Strain Theory: Poverty Status, Perceived Blocked Opportunity, and Gang Membership as Predictors of Adolescent Violent Behavior. Sociological Inquiry [serial online]. Winter2000 2000;70(1):42-60. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 13, 2012.
Structural-strain theory is used in criminological research and focuses on the relationship between adolescents' inability to achieve financial...
DEVIANCE Historical Records Deviance is the violation of social norms. Norms are codes of ethics that act as guidance to people on how to live their lives. According to William Somner, there are three types of norms; Folkways are what a society considers being right with regard to culture and tradition. Issues like dressing, mannerisms are in this category. Different cultures and people have their own guidelines on dressing and etiquette. Violations
Deviance Among Canadian Youths Deviation refers to the violation of the acceptable norms and values that have maintained within the cultural framework of a society. Norms are very important in every society since they allow the people of a given society to coexist with one another, and create the best environment for human living. The Canadian society like other societies is guided by certain norms and values, which are useful for
Deviance Biography Susan Smith was born into a traditional, middle class family. One of five daughters, Susan displayed a higher willingness to shoulder responsibility than her siblings at a very early age, which led to her parents' turning to her, for support, very frequently. The support sought was initially in the form of household chores, and then financial, once Susan was able to work, and especially after her marriage to a
The issue remains widely debatable, with some insisting the behavior in the jails need to be reevaluated yet some insist on the societal emphasis in curbing recidivism. The prison systems have also failed in reduction of recidivism through a failure to insist and implementation of programs that equip the inmates with the relevant and appropriate skills in lie with their interest and the environment from where they are. The offenders
Concomitantly, gangs such as the Crips and the Bloods were created from the former members of movements meant to increase the reputation of black individuals in the U.S. because they had diverging opinions and wanted diversity. The Crips and the Bloods can be deemed as subcultures of the pro-black movements, given the fact that the people that were once part of the larger group did not agree on certain
For example, the young woman knows it is wrong because her friends have spoken to her in the past about how awful stealing is. They have seen her steal before and told her that she is wrong. Among her friends, she is known as a thief. Deviance here has less to do with self-determination than the judgment of others. It is this external judgment of the audience that acts
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