These fears and concerns are echoed by Francis Fukuyama who believes that genetic enhancement will undermine the system of human rights by disrupting the boundary that encloses all humans in a single group, thus believes society should limit genetic science to allow therapy but prohibit enhancement, such as genetically altered food crops, and non-therapeutic procedures (Tobey 2003). In other words, enhancement will allow society to increase genotypic and phenotypic diversity, yet such diversity will press society to the point of losing its shared humanity (Tobey 2003).
Works Cited
Adams, Wendy a. (2002, January 01). Reconciling private benefit and public risk in biotechnology: xenotransplantation as a case study in consent.
Health Law Journal. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:106026703&num=5&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH
This source discusses the benefits to individuals verses the risks to the general population of genetic engineering.
This article references 104 authors.
Cohen, Jane Maslow. (2001, May 01). Genophobia: what is wrong with genetic discrimination? University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:77027641&num=17&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH
This article discusses the benefits and risks associated with genetic testing and screening for genetic diseases. It includes 104 references.
Dyer, Nicole. (2002, February 01). Superfood or double trouble? Genetically modified foods cook up a sizzling debate. Scholastic Choices. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:83040653&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH
Journal of Environmental Health. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:133276616&num=15&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH
This source discusses the controversy over genetic manipulation of food through genetic engineering. This study surveyed the attitudes, and beliefs of physicians, nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians toward food biotechnology and genetic engineering. The article cites roughly thirty sources.
Tobey, Daniel L. (2003, January 01). What's really wrong with genetic enhancement: a second look at your posthuman future.
Yale Journal of Law & Technology. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:116289438&num=2&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH
This article presents a lengthy case against genetic enhancement, and particularly refererences Francis Fukuyama's work, "Our Posthuman Future." The article lists 167 cited sources.
Welsh, Whitney. (2005, March 01). Brave new worlds: philosophy, politics, and science in human biotechnology. Population and Development Review. Retrieved July 09, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?DOCID=1G1:132710930&num
9&ctrlInfo=Round14%3AProd%3ASR%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH
This article discusses the ethics and political landscape concerning genetic engineering, particularly the current White House administration. It includes some twenty references.
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