Nothing is more remarkable therefore than the rapid and irrevocable penetration of Italian ideas and practices among the "barbarians," as the Italian writers referred to them, some of whom were currently invading the peninsula." (Wiener, 124) it's also important to note that influence of antique classicism typical for Italian architecture of the 14-16th centuries is not observed in the north. Classical style of Italian cathedrals and churches, typical for Ancient Greek and Roman pagan temples is usually not observed in buildings of Renaissance epoch in Germany, Britain or France, where architecture was influenced by Gothic style, which got earlier spread in Europe.
Reformation and Counter Reformation
The spread of Protestantism over Europe, which is considered to be one of the most historically significant achievements of Renaissance and Humanism Age, had regional particularities. Ideas of humanism as explained by Kohl: "an educational and philosophical outlook that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the central importance of human values as opposed to religious belief, developed in Europe during the Renaissance, influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. Humanism thus began as an educational program called the humanities, which inculcated those ancient secular values which were consistent with Christian teachings. The Renaissance humanists were often devout Christians, but they promoted secular values and a love of pagan antiquity..."(22-23) in interpretations of philosophers and theologists (M. Luther, J. Hus, Reuchlin and Melanchton) had opposite views on organization of religion to those proposed by Catholic Church (taxation, organization of church as of religious institution, etc.). In addition, protests of the most progressive scholars were supplement by universal discontent of peasants and bourgeoisie in German states, where Catholic Church had in possessions the most profitable feudal economies. From this point the need of church reformation can be viewed more as economic need rather then theological. Scholars such as Martin Luther used ideas of humanism in theological interpretation in order to prove nobility councils bankruptcy of Catholic Church institution from the position of true faith. Reformation in Germany succeeded after years of peasant revolts and agreements of local dukes. Reformations in other countries: Britain, Denmark and Sweden were conducted by local monarchs, who confiscated church lands and distributed them among nobility in order to strengthen relations with elites.
Unlike in Northern Europe, reformation failed in Spain, Italy, France and countries of Central Europe, as these countries had smaller level of urbanization, and were less involved in trade of manufactured production. In these countries local elites didn't have serious confrontations with Catholic Church; local bourgeoisie was weak and so could not force monarchs to confiscate church's property. As a result these countries turned into centre of Counter Reformation. Catholic Church used order of Jesuits as its main weapon against ideological enemies in later years. Such practices allowed to preserve strong catholic traditions in Southern Europe and promoted spread of Catholicism to Central...
Cultural and Social Influence of Neoclassical Artist (Antonio Canova) Antonio Canova Culture and social influence of the Neoclassical artists Antonio Canova's life was mainly of sculptor because his father, Pietro Canova, was a stonecutter of Possagno. His became brought up with his grandfather, Pasino Canova (1714-94), who was a mediocre sculptor specializing in altars with low reliefs and statues in late Baroque style such as Crespano. In 1770 Antonio became an apprenticed of
"Co-enrolled classrooms," they advise, "represent a promising additional possibility for increasing student social access to peers, as well as increasing achievement. A co-enrolled classroom typically consists of an approximately 2:1 ratio of hearing and Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) students. A team of two teachers, a general education teacher and a teacher of DHH students, collaborate to provide instruction. In many CE classrooms, the teachers and students frequently use both
Italy is a cultural hub of gender identity where issues of feminism and masculinism have been deeply entrenched for many years. For centuries Italy has been considered a more masculine country, though the majority of work documented related to masculinism actually is sparse. Issues of feminism and masculinity has surfaced in the workplace, where naturally access to issues such as equal employment and technology have surfaced. Gender inequality issues in
One of the most brilliant contributions of the Byzantium is its contribution to modern music and the development of what the world has come to appreciate as the foundations of classical music. The Byzantine "medieval" (Lang, 1997), in fact, the Byzantium influence is considered to be critical to the development of the Greek music and the relative genius behind Greek music (Lang, 1997) The quoted sovereign melody (Lang, 1997) is the
Human Culture -- What is Human Culture? According to the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA) at the University of Minnesota, many social scientists see culture as " ... consisting primarily of the symbolic, ideational, and intangible aspects of human societies" (Banks, 1989). But that is a short-sighted approach, according to Banks Professor of Diversity Studies at the University of Washington. The true reality of culture -- any culture
Economics in Ancient Civilization It is said that "Rome was not built in a day." Indeed, the Roman Empire was the last of a series of civilizations to emerge in the Mediterranean by the First Millennium, B.C. Precursors to the culture most identified as the seat of Western political economy, the Ancient Egyptians, Etruscans, Greeks, Syrians, Carthaginians and Phoenicians all had contact with the Romans, and eventually were incorporated through territorial
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