Deviance is not a property inherent in any particular kind of behavior; it is a property conferred upon that behavior by the people who come into direct or indirect contact with it (Erikson, 1966, p. 6).
Erikson suggests that the deviance identified by a community says something about the boundaries that community sets for itself. He notes that both the conformist and the deviant are created by the same forces in the community, for the two complement one another. Indeed, Erikson says that deviance and conformity are much alike, so much so that they appear in a community at exactly those points where deviant behavior is most feared:
Men who fear witches soon find themselves surrounded by them; men become jealous of private property soon encounter eager thieves (Erikson, 1966, p. 22).
The interactionist or labeling perspective examines those social and psychological processes that take place among actors, audiences, and third parties in terms of their impact upon the personal and social-public identity of the actor (Kelly, 1979, p. 49). Tannenbaum (1979) describes the process as a dramatic one by which the deviant is so labeled by the community and begins to act out deviant behavior. Tannenbaum describes the process in terms of a delinquent:
It cannot be too often emphasized that for the child the whole situation has become different. He now lives in a different world. He has been tagged. A new and hitherto non-existent environment has been precipitated out for him (Tannenbaum, 1979, p. 162).
Labeling theory shows why the homosexual population has for so long accepted its lot and conformed to the deviant label placed upon it, following what Tannenbaum calls the dramatization of evil.
The fact that the definition of deviance...
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