3. How well can community sanctions serve the purposes of criminal punishment?
The degree to which community sanctions serve the purposes of criminal punishment depend largely on the underlying philosophy of criminal punishment in society. Specifically, to the extent criminal punishment is intended as retributive punishment, community sanctions do not serve the purpose of criminal punishment.
Conversely, to the extent criminal punishment is intended to rehabilitate prisoners to facilitate a successful return to a productive life after their release, community sanctions may serve the purposes of criminal punishment more than absolute terms of incarceration.
In the most modern approach to reducing crime in society and recidivism among released convicts, criminologists emphasize the importance of directing efforts designed to reduce the complex underlying social and sociological factors that are considered substantially responsible for creating criminality in the first place. That approach is furthered much more by an emphasis on rehabilitation and on alternatives to incarceration, such as various forms of community sanctions, than by incarceration regardless of individual potential for rehabilitation.
In the case of incorrigible, so-called "career criminals," it is difficult to support community sanctions in lieu of incarceration, both from the perspective of protecting society from criminals as well as in a realistic understanding that many criminals are simply beyond the type of help provided through community sanctions. However, for many first-time offenders and other nonviolent types of criminals, long sentences of traditional imprisonment are less likely to transform them into law-abiding citizens than community sanctions. In many cases, extended periods of incarceration...
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