These issues were seen as largely responsible for a series of financial crises in the nineteenth century, and even in part for the Great Depression. The establishment of a uniform national currency was not established via a Constitutional amendment, but it is hard to imagine accepting anything else today.
Section V: Judicial Developments
Other than the judicial interpretation of the taxation powers granted to Congress which led to the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment as detailed above, judicial development concerning Congress' powers to tax and to mint money has been significantly eclipsed by legislative changes. In fact, there are some significant legal questions concerning the Federal Reserve System and its mixture of public and private control that have yet to be addressed by the courts, effectively rubber stamping the legislation that led to the creation of this institution and the perpetuation of its growing influence on the United Sates' and the world's economy. While many cases involving interstate commerce have been decided, the actual Constitution has been left largely untouched.
Section VI: Meaning for Administrative Practice
Despite the silence of the judiciary in regards to the broad elements of taxation and money making, the implications for individuals and public agencies regarding these provisions of Section 8 have been enormous. The effects that taxes have on all aspects of commerce, which in turn affects the daily life of every person living in this country and arguably in most of the world, are enormous, especially given that the United States is far and away the world's largest economy. There are, of course, the already mentioned examples of the income tax and the Federal Reserve System, both of which have come to influence the lives of citizens and the operations of public agencies in innumerable and complex ways. These are only two of the largest influences of these provisions, however; many others also exist.
One of the provisions not fully discussed above concerns the actual minting of money and the prosecution of counterfeiters. These powers have been utilized in increasingly complex ways as technology permits. The recent arrest of two North Carolina teenagers exposes practical applications of both of these provisions. The unnamed suspects were both arrested with counterfeit hundred dollar bills and charged with a felony -- they were in direct violation of a Constitutional provision (Reed 2009). The ability for Congress to make money, and to appropriate funds for the development of money that defies counterfeiting, is clearly shown in an interesting detail of the case: the bills were actually bleached one-dollar bills,...
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That is, international financial organizations, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and which controlled by core states, decide that, in order to grant financial aid to undeveloped countries, these states should comply with some rules that are, in the end, in the detriment of their own economy. For example, Africa pays more to the IMF and World Bank, than it collects in credit from them,
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