Chinese History
Discuss the features of a dynasty in decline and explain why the Sung Dynasty avoided the standard problems that plagued other dynasties before and after
The standard profile of a Chinese dynasty in decline, as exemplified first in the Five Dynasties that ruled China following the breakup of the Tang Empire in 907 as well as the dynasties that existed after the Sung surrendered to Mongol rule, was a state of internal and then of external dissolution. A dynasty in decline was often subject to an onslaught of outside foreign attacks, which caused its immediate termination. But this foreign attack was only effective after economic, internal dissolution had occurred between the powerful landowning classes and their enraged yet politically disenfranchised and ignored tenant peasants. At the court and city, a dynasty in decline was often marked by aristocratic rather than merit-based administration.
But the Sung Dynasty that ended the chaotic period of the Five Dynasties of the Liang, Tang, Han, Chin, and Chou and not marked by these characteristics. To take one specific example of a previous dynastic decline, Han dealings with barbarian neighbors were conducted within an unfair tribute system. Under this system China granted diplomatic recognition and trading privileges only to those states and peoples acknowledging its superiority, symbolized by the payment of tribute. Despite its technical superiority, the end of the Han occurred after powerful landlords insisted on shifting too much land from the tax rolls. This created an increased burden on poorer farmers. The newly powerful farmers also meant there was more intense political wrangling at the imperial court. The resulting economic hardships and governmental disintegration led to massive peasant rebellion and the dissolution of the empire, as the tribute paying peoples revolted, taking advantage of the weakened state of the Han dynastic empire.
The Sung Dynasty had a more cultural and moderating social influence upon the Chinese people and upon the land. The Sung Confucian social service system of examination acted as a socially...
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