Gjerdingen's study used a time study analysis similar to that used by Craig. Gjerdingen discussed the possibility that cultural differences could have influenced the results. Cultural differences might have influenced Craig's study in a similar manner, but this factor was not mentioned as a potential limitation of the study either.
New Zealand study supports the potential for cultural bias regarding work related gender differences. Else (1997) addressed the same division of labor issue in New Zealand. They found that the gendered division of labor was prevalent in New Zealand society, with the women's work outside of the home having less importance than the men's as far as "breadwinning" is concerned. Else's study found that men's transfer of "household" wages is still considered payment for women's "unpaid" care giving work.
Else's study supports Craig's study in an obscure way. Craig did not address attitudes towards working outside of the home, only the number of hours spent. Else's study found that traditional gender roles were still valid during the time of the sampling of Craig's population. Craig's study found that women were still largely responsible for the childcare responsibilities, whether they worked or not. Working men with children took on a disproportionate amount of the domestic activities. This could be interpreted as a reflection of the attitude that domestic responsibilities are still largely considered women's work.
However, a similar study in the UK found that social conditions were changing to reflect an acceptance of men's need to increase domestic tasks in order to free their wives and alleviate workload stress. Joshi (1998) found that men's attitudes regarding their need to redefine roles and responsibilities regarding household activities and child rearing were changing. When one juxtaposes Joshi's study against that of Else and Craig, cultural bias may enter into the analysis. The differences between these two studies could indicate more progressive attitudes towards gender roles in the UK, as opposed to in Australia and New Zealand.
Rout, Cooper & Kerslake (1997)...
Child Labor and Society: A Detrimental Situation Child labor is detrimental to the well-being of the subject as well as the society to which he belongs. Throughout history, sundry civilizations have borne witness to the harsh reality termed as "child labor." The agrarian realm enlisted the help of small hands from the beginning of time. Innocent children as young as six or seven persevered in arduous working conditions on farms. However,
The state parent locator service lessens the delay of collection of child support. The child support enforcement agencies in most states have the authority to order genetic testing in order to establish the parentage in cases of paternity. Child support payments can be ordered once the parent is found. Withholding of wages and seizure and sales of properties may be used to enforce child support. Cash Assistance Programs: Under the Title
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Bruises are the most common injury; the pattern, shape and location should be noted, because certain instruments such as belt or hanger will make a specific mark on the body. Those over boney areas such as the knee and elbow are frequently accidental. Areas that are in protected and padded areas, such as the face ad buttocks, should be of concern. Lacerations and coloring will give an indication of
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We are surrounded on all sides by enemies, and we have to advance almost constantly under their fire. We have combined, by a freely adopted decision, for the purpose of fighting the enemy, and not of retreating into the neighboring marsh, the inhabitants of which, from the very outset, have reproached us with having chosen the path of struggle instead of the path of conciliation…there can be no talk
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