Categories of Cost
Cost can be divided into following six categories:
Variable Costs
Fixed Costs
Semi-Variable or Mixed Costs
Total Production Costs
Direct Costs
Indirect Costs (Overhead)
Variable Costs: Variable costs are those costs that change with number of units produced or volume of production (Jackson, Sawyers and Jenkins, 2009). These are also called as the product costs as they vary with each unit of production. Some of the variable costs that changes with the production level include materials, labor and shipping.
Fixed Costs: Fixed cost is the costs that is not affected by the volume of production and remains the same, regardless of the number of units produced. It is also called as period costs which is the name derived by its ability of being occurring over a particular period. Examples include: Rent, business licenses etc.
Semi-Variable or Mixed Manufacturing Costs: Semi- Variable or a mixed cost has components of both fixes as well as...
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Finance Question 1.a) Bond ratings encompass a wide range of elements related to the credit risk of the firm. Moody's notes that bond ratings include elements of default probability, loss severity, "financial strength" and "transition risk" (Cantor & Fons, 1999). The authors note that within the same sector, bonds of the same rating tend to be comparable both with respect to overall credit quality and specific credit quality characteristics. Over different
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