Blood pressure is measured in millimeters (mm) of mercury using a sphygmomanometer, an instrument that consists of a pressure recording device and an inflatable cuff that is usually placed around the upper arm. Normal blood pressure in an adult is about 120 mm of mercury during systole, and about 80 mm of mercury during diastole. Blood pressure is usually noted as a ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure for example, 120/80. A person's blood pressure may increase for a short time during moments of stress or strong emotions. However, a prolonged or constant elevation of blood pressure, a condition known as hypertension, can increase a person's risk for heart attack, stroke, heart and kidney failure, and other health problems. (Cardiac Cycle, 2006)
State what is meant by stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.
12. Relationship of Cardiac Output to Stroke Volume and Heart Rate
13. Clinical Investigations of the Heart
State what is meant by:
Electrocardiogram
Angiogram
Auscultation
14. Blood a) What are the three main functions of blood?
A b) What percentage of blood is plasma?
Plasma is a pale yellow mixture of water, proteins and salts."
Plasma, which is 90% water, makes up 55% of blood volume." (56 Facts About Blood, 2005) c) What is the function of plasma?
What is Blood Plasma? Plasma is the liquid component of Blood, in which the Blood cells are suspended. Serum is the same as Blood plasma except that clotting factors have been removed. Plasma is translucent with a faint straw color, similar to the color of this web page. It is mainly composed of water, Blood proteins, and inorganic electrolytes. Plasma serves as a transport medium for glucose, Blood borne lipids, hormones, metabolic end products, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Plasma is the storage and transport medium of clotting factors and the protein content that is necessary to maintain the pressure of the Blood circulatory system. (Sell Plasma, 2006) d) the main constituents of plasma include 90% water: 10% dissolved substances.
A e) Solid formed elements of blood include f) the different types of white blood cells consist of Phagocytes, and Lymphocytes. Lymphocytes include B. lymphocytes and T. lymphocytes.
A g) Haemoglobin (also spelled hemoglobin), approximately 95% of the dry weight in red blood cells is responsible for oxygen transport? ("haemoglobin," 2006) h) Blood type O constitutes the universal blood donor type.
A i) Describe the chain of events responsible for haemostasis.
A j) Discuss the functions of blood under the following:
Transport; regulation and protection
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Figure 7: Composition of Blood (Wright, 2000, p. 37)
4. Measurement of Blood Pressure k) Anaemia constitutes a condition which occurs when an individual's body possesses an abnormally low amount of red blood cells or not enough haemoglobin. (Anaemia, 2007; Wright, 2000, p. 37) l) the most common cause/form of anaemia is often a shortage of iron in an individual's diet. A diet with red meat and green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, capsicums etc., is commonly recommended to those who have anaemia as.
A m) Two other causes of anaemia include "inadequate absorption of vitamin B12 from the diet [which]... can be due to ulcers, stomach cancer, diseases of the small intestine or from the after effects of surgery," and lack of folic acid due to a poor diet and if a person drinks excessive alcohol. (Anaemia, 2007) n) Outline the 3 major steps of blood clotting.
The following figure (8) depicts how blood clots are formed, "by a series of complex reactions requiring the presence of 13 clotting factors, including calcium."
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Figure 8: How Blood Clots are Formed (Wright, 2000, p. 37) o) Differences between a, B, AB and O. blood groups.
Under the ABO Blood typing (grouping) scheme, there are two especially important antigens called a and B. Every living human has either one or both or neither of the red Blood cells. An individual...
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