¶ … public policy cycle. Public policy is defined as "a course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a given problem," (Pal, 2013, p. 3). The first step of making a given problem known is through public opinion, public interest, and related issues like values and norms. However, as Pal (2013) points out, a more idealistic motivation for bringing policy issues to the attention of policymakers is actually public interest itself in terms of core needs like public safety. There are multiple avenues by which an issue may be made known to the Canadian government. One is via the research route, including university and "think tank" methods of analyzing problems empirically and presenting reports to stakeholder organizations or policymakers. A second is from ministers themselves, through close attention being paid to their constituents and the prevailing interests of the people. Legal restrictions might constrain the ways a potential problem is brought to the attention of government. Jurisdiction issues might impact the influence of the key stakeholders. There are various ways policy problems are made known, depending on how the proposed policy fits prevailing goals and missions of institutions. Moreover, the proposed policy will be measured against current norms, values,...
Whether same-sex marriage or drug policy, decisions must be ultimately made with regards to the creation of internal consistency among the three components of defining the problem with specific implications for Canadians; the goals of the stakeholders including Canadian voters; and the instruments used to develop and implement policy (Pal, 2013). Likewise, there must be some vertical consistency in that all the programs and institutions invoked in the policy are related to the actual policy (Pal, 2013). Horizontal consistency is sometimes difficult to achieve, as it entails connecting the values of one policy with another. As Atkinson (1993) points out, the new institutionalism reveals the structures and functions of social institutions in the policymaking process.
Public policy development is a complex process involving multiple stakeholders and institutions. Moreover, the nature of public policy development varies depending on whether the policies are foreign or domestic. Holloway (2006) points out the three key influences on foreign policy in Canada, including information coming from foreign embassies with direct access to international issues and affairs. Other influences on foreign policy include formal analysis, which often takes place domestically. Finally,
Public Policy The Canadian welfare state arose in the 1930s as a response to the poverty of the era, and was bolstered in the subsequent decades to include numerous elements of the social safety net. Prior to the development of the modern Canadian welfare state, the country relied on a classic liberal economic model, with few restrictions on enterprise and the commoditization of labour. Workers had few protections, the central government
The pluralist school is believed to have best "captured the dynamics of the bargaining process among different interest groups trying to influence the policy process, and between these groups and policy makers (Lindblom and Woodhouse, 1993; as cited by Rosetti, 1999) in the view of Lindblom and Woodhouse the limitations that exist in terms of limitations on knowledge is readily available during the electoral process in the U.S. These
" (2003) the police force from this view was held as "ideal for exerting order across the vast territories of Canada, whose sheer scale made law enforcement, public administration and the assertion of sovereignty difficult." (Newburn, 2003) the police force in this area was known as the "North-West Mounted Police" whose influence extended early [in the] twentieth century...taking on security and counterespionage services during the First World War and, in
countries impose barriers to stop or hinder the import of cultural products (film, movies, etc.) or offer subsidies to promote their production and distribution "This memo is in response to your request for input regarding the debate of whether countries should impose barriers to hinder the import of cultural trade or provide subsidies to promote their distribution and production." In the olden days, the cultural products such as television, movies and
Official Language and Social Prestige in Speaking and Writing Few of the indigenous languages in Canada have a developed system of writing other than transliteration into the phonetic alphabet, contributing to their lack of official status (Norris). French and English are both still used on government forms, literature, and websites, but the levels of prestige these languages carry vary greatly from region to region within the country (StatCAn 2009; Healy 2007).
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