Continuous demand of laborers for the missions impacted the Indian tribes greatly and finally in 1836, the Mexican Republic who officially took over from Spain in 1823, took away the missions powers of obtaining forced labor from Indian and the missions collapsed.
One third of the California Indian population, over 100,000 Indians perished to deaths attributable to missions of California. The 1824 constitution of Mexican Republic promised Indians voting rights as citizens but they continued to be treated as slaves.
The discovery of Gold in California in 1848 subjected the Indians to the most horrible period of their history. California was seized by U.S. military from Mexico in 1846 and sufferings of the Indians multiplied by the rush to get rich quickly. Bancroft aptly summed the treatment of Indians in these words. "That part of the early intercourse between aboriginal Americans and European which belongs to history may be briefly given; short work was made of it in California. The savages were in the way; the miners and settlers were arrogant and impatient; there were no missionaries or others present with even the poor pretense of soul saying or civilizing. It was one of the last human hunts of civilization, and the basest and most brutal of them al. [Cited in Five Views, 2004]."
Heizer, 1993] collected early records of the 1846-1879 period which show documentary records from military documents and news media of the time how Indians were subjected to systematic annihilation, rape, transmission of sexual diseases and turning Indians into alcoholics by selling alcohol to even ten years old children. Heizer shows that the white settlers expected the Federal troops to clear the area of all Indians. "Federal forces often came under extreme pressure by the local settlers to kill as many Indians as possible, and conflicts between federal and state laws were common. It is clear that the white settlers in California wanted the Indians to be wholly eliminated because they were considered a danger to peace and security [Heizer, 1993]."
The California Legislature eliminated the Indians Right to Vote. The 1850 Act of Governing and Protecting Indians makes it clear how the constitution treated the Indians. The act barred evidence of an Indian or Indians against a white man, allowed whites to take control of Indian children, permitted handing over of Indians found loitering to the highest bidder for a period of up to four months, an a white abusing Indian children could be fined an amount not exceeding $10 while an Indian stealing a horse, a cow or mule could be subjected to 25 lashes and a fine not exceeding $200. The 1860 amendment to the 1850 Act allowed whites to take custody Indian children and vagrant Indians to take control of them and retain their services until 40 years of age for men and 35 years for women. This law was repealed 14th Amendment became a part of U.S....
California History: A Tour of the State through Three Novels California is the nation's largest state. Within its borders it encompasses many contradictions and offers different modalities of life. The idea of an 'alternative lifestyle' may have been coined in California, but clearly there is more than one alternative offered by the state. Even the state's stereotypes, such as the 'outdoorsy' person, or the beatnik who distains social conventions, or the
Works Cited http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101227181 California." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004. Color in the River. World and I; 3/1/1999 Edwards, Bob. MORNING EDITION from NPR News Host. 09-08-2000. Gold Rush." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004.. A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5007097253 Kyle, Douglas E. "Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California." California History Spring 2004: 72+. A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002380572 Landazuri, Roberto. "Days of Gold! Songs of the California Gold Rush." California History Winter 2000: 228.. A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15236496 Lavender, David. California: Land of New
(Famous Cattle Trails) The Trail in fact aided in the collection of herds of cattle from San Antonio, Helena and Texana in the south and Uvalde, and also from Comanche and Fort Worth, from further north. From Fort Worth, the Chisolm Trail goes straight northwards, and crosses the Red River at Red River Station, and when it reaches the Indian Nation Territory, it passes through Rush Springs, Kingfisher and Hennessy
With the discovery of gold and other valuable minerals, a wave of Easterners started to pour into the West. These people believed that it was their right and duty to expand. The idea of Manifest Destiny played a big role in America's political actions overseas. People believed that they were uniquely positioned to spread democracy throughout the world and this idea could clearly be seen as playing a role
Moreover, aside from focusing on the California Indians, Hurtado perhaps wants the readers to learn from the problems that was brought about by racial and gender discriminations. In gender, the novel Indian Survival on the California Frontier is not just a story of how the native American Indian survived in the middle of nineteenth century but a story of how the society faces problems because of misconceptions and discriminations that
California Tribes The Mohave and the Chemehuevi The objective of this paper is to explore the history, social organization, and customs of two California tribes: The Mohave and the Chemehuevi. The scope of the paper includes a review of the current status of the two tribes. The Mohave and The Chemehuevi The American Indian tribes are the original immigrants of the continent of America. In fact, the people of these tribes are of old
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