Blood doping, as a performance enhancing method, has been around for more than three decades now. The Finnish athlete and the four time Olympic gold medallist, Lasse Viren is widely regarded as the first successful user of Blood doping to achieve sporting success. However, only much later after the 1972 and 1976 Olympic success, it was determined that Lasse Viren had used blood doping to boost his performance. [The Gale Group, 2010] Compared to the use of stimulants and steroids, the practice of blood doping was relatively unnoticed and only in 1986 "Blood Doping' was officially banned. [The Gale Group, 2010] Over the last decade, doping strategies have evolved to foil anti-doping testing programs and there has been a constant battle between the doping and the detection methodologies. A brief overview view of doping, the different types of doping with a discussion of the doping detection tests and the potential dangers of doping would provide more insight into the topic.
Blood Doping (Sporting Implications)
The World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) defines blood doping as the "Misuse of certain techniques and/or substances to increase one's red blood cell mass, which allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore increase stamina and performance'. [WADA, 2009] Blood doping gives an unfair advantage to the sportsperson by improving his/her stamina, which is particularly critical in events such as marathons, cycling, trekking, etc. that test the endurance of the participants. This is achieved by inducing erythrocythemia, a condition wherein there is more concentration of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood. Since erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, the main oxygen transporter in blood, increasing the erythrocyte concentration helps to increase the oxygen transport. Improved oxygen supply to the muscle tissues is the key to improved athletic performance and thus blood doping does have considerable implications for a sporting event.
Types of Blood Doping
Three different approaches to 'blood doping' are known. They are the use of 1) Erythropoietin, 2) Synthetic blood carriers and 3) transfusions. In the human body, the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), is secreted by the kidneys...
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