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Behavioral Research Surveys Research Has Traditionally Been Essay

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¶ … Behavioral Research Surveys research has traditionally been conducted in three ways: In-person, by mail, and over the telephone. A fourth option has been added to these modes through the survey opportunities available in digital media. This array of modes is a bit like the child's matching game in which the outlier is identified: To whit, "Which one does not belong?" Two of the four survey modes entail real-time interaction between a survey researcher and a respondent; the other two survey modes do not entail this "live" interaction. The presence of a "live" interviewer in telephone surveys research is believed to be an important variable in the non-response data. Typically, telephone survey participants are not offered a non-response option ("don't know"), but in this study, a non-response option was offered to the CATI respondents, since this was an important part of the investigation. Moreover, surveys research via the new digital media is becoming a predominant mode of surveys research. A review of a study follows in which differences in the responses of surveys research participants in a mixed internet-telephone study are described and analyzed.

Presentation. Lugtig, et al. (2011) have written a well-organized and clear article on nonresponse bias and mode...

The abstract provides an intriguing and well-stated description of the research, and lacks only the conventional key words that typically accompany an abstract in major periodicals today. Major headings are typical of APA (Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusion and discussion, and References). The subheadings convention preferred by the journal make use of lower case letters in the headings, except for the first word, which is capitalized. The authors have followed APA format precisely in their manuscript, or else the submission was edited to conform to APA standards -- there are no evident issues in this regard.
Limitations of the study are thoroughly described and center on two main considerations: the tendency of mode effects to interact and the difficulty of achieving the right set of covariates. A discussion of the statistical modeling limitations is offered in the following subsection. The different mode effects -- which can include recency effects, primacy effects, and interviewer effects -- interact sufficiently so as to erode any certainty about which types of mode effects are in play. The authors found that their results were robust as long as their matching specifications did not attempt to match all the sample respondents.…

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Propensity modeling is a statistical method common to market research -- the field in which the thrust of this research is intended; it is, therefore, wholly appropriate for the research topic and the research questions. The most substantive finding presented in the article is that data from surveys conducted through different modes are not directly comparable and cannot be merged into a single data set for analysis: Mode effects and non-response effects interact in mixed-mode surveys that utilize telephone and internet survey methods. The data clearly supports the findings and is easily auditable. Findings presented and discussed in this article are reasonable and are objectively presented with full descriptions of methods and procedures. Propensity score matching did explain the differences between the sample groups. The CATI respondents most often chose the most positive of the choice categories and, in general, responded more positively than their counterparts in the WAPI sample.

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Lugtig, P., Lensvelt-Mulders, G.J.L.M., Frerichs, R., and Greven, A. (2011). Estimating nonresponse bias and mode effects in a mixed-mode survey. International Journal of Market Research, 53 (5), 669-686.
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