This phenomenon is referred to as the filter roll-off generally expressed in Decibels of attenuation per octave of frequency. When a filter is designed there is the intention of making the roll-off as narrow as achievable which gives the filter a chance to get as close as possible to the intended design in terms of performance.
There is a difference that exists between the upper and the lower cutoff frequencies which is referred to as the bandwidth of the filter while the ratio of bandwidths which is obtained by using two distinct attenuation values in order to find the cutoff frequency is referred to as the shape factor. For instance, when the shape factor is said to be 2:1 at 30/3 dB then it means that the bandwidth obtained between frequencies at 30 dB attenuation is double that obtained at 3 dB attenuation. The electrical symbol of a band pass filter is as shown below (schematic).
According to Hasan (1991), the extensive test of the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) FM demodulator in Gaussian modulation is replicated in consideration of additive noise and FM interference by means of the Monte Carlo method. The modulating Gaussian random signals are simulated by sums of sine waves of equally spaced frequencies and random phases.
Monte Carlo simulation
By the Monte Carlo method, the Gaussian message ?s (t) of bandwidth Ws rad/s and rms frequency deviation ?s rad/s is simulated by a sum of Ns sine waves
(1)
Where is the peak frequency deviation of the nth tone, is the fundamental modulation frequency so that Ns
a = Ws, and is a random phase distributed uniformly over (-
). Analogously, the Gaussian message ?i (t) is simulated by (2)
Where, and Ni
a = Wi are, respectively, the peak frequency deviation of the nth tone, the rms frequency deviation and the bandwidth of ?i (t), and is a random phase distributed uniformly over (-
). If the numbers Ns and Ni of tones simulating the Gaussian messages are large enough, the statistics of (1) and (2) approach that of Gaussian noise.
Omitting the...
VOIP: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) can be defined as a series of technologies and technique that is used for release of voice communications and multimedia through Internet Protocol networks. In some cases, this technique is referred to as a means of converting analog audio signals into digital data that can be delivered through an Internet Protocol. The use of the technique is attributed to its ability to transform standard Internet
He doesn't mention Apple's iPod, iPod Touch, and iPad, but those devices also pose a challenge for traditional radio broadcasting. People can "…select music that suits their individual tastes and many have wider repositories of music in their own libraries" -- thanks to the iTunes and similar services -- than are offered on the playlists of radio broadcasters (Picard, p. 1). Moreover, Satellite and Internet radio are offering "hundreds of
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As compared to the previous years, the antennas in the earth stations are no longer large in size because of enhancements in satellites. A satellite communication basically functions and works in millimeter and microwave wave frequency bands that are estimated to range from approximately 1 Ghz to 50 Ghz. While there are different frequency bands that are used by satellite communication systems, the most common are the uplink and downlink
Overview of Study This study used a five-chapter format to achieve the above-stated research purpose. Chapter one of the study was used to introduce the topics under consideration, provide a statement of the problem, the purpose and importance of the study, as well as its scope and rationale. Chapter two provides a critical review of the relevant and peer-reviewed literature, and chapter three more fully describes the study's methodology, including a
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