" "Arkansas 2" gave us nothing to identify with except vague, generalized fear. This "differential reinforcement" (Althouse, Nardulli and Shaw 2001, p. 4) failed.
If these were the only campaign outreach, this would bear out the theory that negative or depressing / violent ads, even when they are supposed to support the incumbent rather than deride the opponent, mostly reinforce voters' existing attitudes (Althouse, Nardulli and Shaw 2001, p. 1-2), and drain resources away from where they could actually generate. If these types of commercials demoralize the American voter toward elections and government in general, we would think the politicians running for office would want to generate positive, rather than negative participation effects. Unless of course we are selling actual products, in which case "commercial advertisers should instead encourage the greater use of political advertising in general and negative political advertising in particular" (Iyengar and Prior, 1999 p. 10).
References
Althouse, S., Nardulli, P. And Shaw, D. (2001). Campaign Effects on Presidential Voting, 1992
2000. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 30 -- September 2, 2001, San Francisco, CA. Retrieved from www.communication.illinois.edu/salthaus/Research/campeffect.pdf
Benoit,...
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