How to Write a Literature Review with Examples

Introduction

Writing a literature review is a necessary and important step in academic research. You’ll likely write a lit review for your Master’s Thesis and most definitely for your Doctoral Dissertation. It’s something that lets you show your knowledge of the topic. It’s also a way to show off yourself as an expert in the area. The literature review establishes the fact that you’ve done your due diligence.

For your reader, it is a good way to communicate just what is out there in terms of existing knowledge about your research topic. The lit review allows you to summarize and assess the current state of research, by bringing together and synthesizing available studies on the matter.

Ultimately, the literature review lets you present a summary of the body of knowledge and use that to identify research gaps that you can then try to fill. It is incredibly helpful in setting up a theoretical framework and justification for your own study.

This guide will help you understand what is a literature review so that you’ll know its value and importance, as well as how to write one effectively.

What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is a synthesis and critical analysis of research relevant to a specific topic or research question that you have raised for study. It is more than a summary of sources; it is a critical evaluation that weaves together current and past literature to reveal patterns, theoretical insights, research directions, and research gaps.

The main point of a literature review is to show a well-rounded understanding of the state of the topic with regard to existing studies. It helps researchers position their work in the context of what is already known, how it fits, why it is necessary, or how it extends the current understanding.

It also serves to build a solid foundation for further research, by acting as a backdrop against which new research contributions can be made.

Importance of a Literature Review in Academic Research

A literature review is necessary as it will serve several purposes for your research:

1. Understanding the Field: First, the literature review provides an overview of the existing body of knowledge, which helps researchers understand the scope of previous studies and what has already been uncovered in the field.
2. Identifying Gaps: Second, when they look at existing literature, researchers can more easily identify where research is lacking or where questions remain unanswered. These gaps form the justification for new investigations.
3. Critical Analysis: Third, a literature review allows the researcher to critically analyze how previous studies have been conducted, what methodologies were used, what evidence was uncovered, whether they sufficiently addressed the research problem, or what areas of research are still needed.
4. Theoretical Framework: Fourth, the literature review acts as support for the development of a theoretical framework with which the research can be conducted and interpreted, as it grounds the study in ideas based existing data.

Types of Literature Reviews

There are different types of literature reviews for different purposes. Knowing when to use each type will help you shape your own review.

Narrative Review

A narrative review gives an overview of the topic by focusing on the development of theories and concepts over time. It is often descriptive and used when only a brief review is possible. Its weakness is that it lacks the systematic methodology of more structured reviews. However, narrative reviews are useful for obtaining a quick understanding of the topic and where research has focused in the past.

Systematic Review

A systematic review is more rigorous than a narrative review. It has a very methodical approach to searching for and reviewing existing literature. This type of review is characterized by its well-defined research question and a detailed, reproducible methodology that allows for the collection, critical appraisal, and synthesis of all relevant evidence. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are stated. Due to their structured and transparent nature, systematic reviews are particularly prevalent in fields like healthcare and social sciences, where evidence-based conclusions are needed for guiding practice and policy decisions.

The methodology of a systematic review begins with the precise formulation of a research question, which serves as the foundation for the entire review process.

Next, a fully detailed search strategy is developed so that all relevant studies are identified. The researcher will usually require access to multiple databases and literature types (white and grey papers, etc.). The inclusion and exclusion criteria must be explicitly defined to show which studies will be considered and which will be excluded, based on predetermined factors like study design, population, year published, language, and relevance to the research question.

Finally, the data extraction and analysis phase involves systematically gathering data from the selected studies and conducting a detailed analysis, which may include quantitative synthesis (like meta-analysis) or a qualitative assessment of the evidence. This approach allows the researcher to make sure the findings are robust, reliable, and can be replicated in future research.

Theoretical Review

A theoretical review looks at theories relevant to a particular area of study. It focuses on conceptual frameworks that have been developed to explain phenomena, analyze theories’ strengths and limitations, and propose new theoretical approaches if necessary. These reviews are helpful when the research is going to explore or challenge existing theoretical assumptions.

Integrative Review

An integrative review synthesizes existing research to generate new perspectives or frameworks. Unlike systematic reviews, integrative reviews will use both qualitative and quantitative studies and offer a broader analysis of the literature. This type is helpful for researchers who want to develop new and deeper insights and more holistic theories by integrating a wider array of research findings.

Steps to Writing a Literature Review

Writing a literature review can seem like a lot to take on. However, it is a very manageable process when you break it down into simple steps. Here’s our step-by-step guide on how to write a literature review.

Step 1: Select a Topic

The first step in writing a literature review is to choose a topic that is relevant and interesting to your research field. It should align with your research objectives. It should be specific and focused. Don’t make it too broad—but also don’t make it so narrow that you can’t find any research on it at all. You want there to be ample literature available to review. Your research will build on that.

Tip: Focus on a specific research question that your literature review will address. Try using field relevant keywords when you search ideas in literature databases.

Step 2: Search for Relevant Literature

Once your topic is chosen, conduct a thorough search for academic sources. Use databases like PubMed, JSTOR, or Google Scholar to find peer-reviewed articles, books, and conference papers.

Techniques

• Use keywords related to your topic.
• Apply filters like publication date and research area.
• Search in libraries, academic journals, and trusted repositories.

Step 3: Evaluate and Analyze the Sources

Not all sources are created equal. Critically evaluate the quality and relevance of the literature. Consider the credibility of the author, the validity of the research methods, and the significance of the findings.

Criteria for Evaluation

• Author’s credentials and publication source
• Research design and methodology
• The study’s contribution to the field

Step 4: Organize the Literature

Organize your sources based on common themes, methodologies, findings, or the chronological development of ideas. A well-structured literature review outline can help. For example, you may categorize studies based on:

• Theoretical concepts
• Methodological approaches
• Historical progression
• Findings

Organization Tips

• Use thematic or chronological order to maintain a coherent review.
• Identify major trends and seminal works in the field.

Step 5: Write the Literature Review

When writing, strive for a balanced discussion. Do not just summarize; synthesize and analyze. Critique the sources. Discuss the findings in a way that brings information in from multiple studies. Point out agreements, contradictions, and unanswered questions among the various sources.

Writing Tips

• Start each section with a strong topic sentence.
• Use clear and concise language.
• Maintain an objective tone, and do not inject personal opinions.

Literature Review Format

• Introduction: Present your research question and explain the purpose of the review.
• Body: Discuss studies in a structured manner.
• Conclusion: Summarize key findings and suggest future research directions.

Structure of a Literature Review

A literature review typically follows a standard structure.

Introduction

Introduce your topic and explain the review’s purpose. Clearly define the scope and outline the organization of the review.

Body

The body is where you organize your sources. This can be done thematically (grouping similar studies together) or chronologically (presenting research in order of publication). Integrate studies by discussing their contributions and limitations.

Important Reminders

• Use transition words to maintain a logical flow.
• Highlight influential works and major shifts in the research.

Conclusion

Summarize the insights gained from your review. Highlight research gaps and suggest directions for future study. This section also emphasizes the significance of your research within the broader academic context.

Literature Review Example

The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health

Here is our literature review example to show you how yours can look.

Introduction

Social media usage among adolescents has sparked concern among mental health professionals (Uhls et al., 2017). Given that young people today are among the most active social media users, it is important to know how these platforms impact their psychological well-being. Adolescents are at a developmental stage where identity and role confusion represent the major conflict of their age according to Erikson’s psychosocial model. Social media platforms provide a space for this dramatic conflict to play out in ways that researchers are still trying to understand (Best et al., 2014).

Numerous studies have explored the relationship between social media engagement and various mental health outcomes (Maktelow & Taylor, 2014; Przybylski et al., 2013; Uhls et al., 2017). However, the findings are often mixed, and show both beneficial and harmful effects. This literature review focuses on the positive aspects of social media, such as peer support, the negative outcomes like heightened anxiety and depression, and the limitations inherent in the methodologies used by these studies.

Body

Positive Impacts of Social Media: Peer Support and Connection

Research on the positive implications of social media for adolescent mental health indicates that these platforms have a lot to do with how social connections are established and the extent to which peer support is obtained (Best et al., 2014). Social media can promote a sense of belonging and provide adolescents with emotional support from their peers (Best et al., 2014). These online interactions can be beneficial for adolescents who experience social isolation or struggle with face-to-face interactions (Uhls et al., 2017). The ability to connect with peers who share similar experiences or interests can give a level of emotional affirmation that traditional offline interactions sometimes lack.

Uhls et al. (2017) described the importance of online communities in providing adolescents with opportunities for social engagement and self-expression, suggesting that these platforms allow teens to seek advice, share personal experiences, and receive encouragement, which can contribute positively to their self-esteem. Adolescents experiencing challenges such as bullying or family issues often turn to social media communities for support and validation, where they feel understood and less alone. In this way, the social connectivity afforded by platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat can enhance adolescents’ overall well-being and promote resilience.

Negative Consequences of Social Media: Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem Issues

Even though social media can offer emotional benefits, extensive evidence also points to its potential to harm adolescent mental health. One of the most frequently documented adverse outcomes is increased anxiety and depression linked to excessive social media use (Twenge & Campbell, 2018). Twenge and Campbell (2018) conducted a large-scale study that revealed a correlation between high levels of social media engagement and rising rates of depressive symptoms among teenagers. The researchers argued that the constant exposure to curated and often idealized representations of others’ lives led to feelings of inadequacy, poor self-image, and heightened anxiety. Adolescents may feel pressured to project a perfect image of themselves online, which can be exhausting and detrimental to their self-esteem.

Moreover, the concept of “fear of missing out” (FOMO) has emerged as a significant factor contributing to adolescent anxiety. FOMO refers to the pervasive apprehension that others are having rewarding experiences from which one is absent (Przybylski et al., 2013). Adolescents who experience FOMO are more likely to engage in compulsive social media checking, which disrupts their daily routines, sleep patterns, and academic performance (Przybylski et al., 2013). This behavior creates a cycle of anxiety and stress, as constant comparison and the need to remain connected exacerbate feelings of inadequacy.

Another area of concern is the impact of cyberbullying, which has become increasingly common with the advent of social media. Patchin and Hinduja (2015) found that victims of online harassment are more likely to experience severe psychological distress, like suicidal ideation and self-harm. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying can occur at any time and is often anonymous, making it particularly relentless and damaging. The permanence of online interactions means that harmful content can be shared and viewed repeatedly, amplifying the psychological toll on victims. As a result, the mental health repercussions of cyberbullying can be profound and long-lasting.

Methodological Limitations in Existing Research

Despite the wealth of research on the relationship between social media and adolescent mental health, several methodological limitations complicate the interpretation of findings. One significant challenge is the reliance on self-reported data, which can be subject to bias. Adolescents may not accurately recall or may choose to underreport the extent of their social media use or the severity of their psychological symptoms (Keles et al., 2020). Reliance on self-reported measures makes it difficult to establish causal relationships between social media use and mental health outcomes.

Furthermore, many studies use cross-sectional designs, which cannot determine the directionality of the relationship between social media use and mental health (Patchin & Hinduja, 2015). It remains unclear whether increased social media use leads to poorer mental health or if adolescents struggling with mental health issues are more likely to seek out social media as a coping mechanism. Longitudinal research is needed to better understand the temporal dynamics of this relationship. The heterogeneity of social media platforms also complicates research, as different platforms may have unique features that affect users differently.. For example, visual platforms like Instagram may have a different psychological impact than text-based platforms like Twitter, and few if any studies have accounted for these nuances.

Another limitation involves the cultural context of social media use. Much of the research is conducted in Western countries, primarily the United States and Europe, which may not fully capture the full experience of adolescent social media engagement. Cultural differences in social norms, values, and access to technology can influence how adolescents use social media and how it affects their well-being. Thus, a culturally diverse research approach may be necessary to draw the most applicable conclusions.

Conclusion

The impact of social media on adolescent mental health has positive and negative dimensions. Social media platforms offer adolescents opportunities to seek peer support and partake of social engagement. At the same time there is the risk of excessive use and negative experiences, such as cyberbullying and FOMO, which are linked to increased anxiety, depression, and self-esteem issues. Existing research reveals methodological limitations such as self-reported data, cross-sectional designs, and a lack of cultural diversity in studies. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and culturally sensitive approaches for a fuller understanding of how social media influences adolescent mental health. Moreover, intervention strategies that teach adolescents healthy social media habits and provide resources for coping with online stressors may be needed.

References

Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online communication, social media and adolescent wellbeing: A systematic narrative review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27-36.

Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020). A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety, and psychological distress in adolescents. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 79-93.

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015). Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 69-74.

Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841-1848.

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 271-283.

Uhls, Y. T., Ellison, N. B., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2017). Benefits and costs of social media in adolescence. Pediatrics, 140(Supplement 2), S67-S70.

APA Literature Review Format

When writing in APA style, an APA literature review must follow specific guidelines for citation and formatting.

APA Formatting Guidelines

• Title Page: Include the title, author’s name, and institutional affiliation.
• Abstract: A brief summary of your review (usually 150-250 words).
• In-text Citations: Use the author-date citation method (e.g., Smith, 2020).
• Reference List: Provide full citations for all referenced works in alphabetical order.

Tips: Always adhere to the latest APA manual for formatting rules.

Literature Review Templates

A literature review template can simplify the process of organizing your review. You can find templates for APA, MLA, or Harvard formats at Purdue OWL. These templates provide a ready-to-use framework, so that your review is well-structured.

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Writing a Literature Review

Even experienced researchers can fall into common pitfalls. Here’s what to avoid:

1. Lack of Focus: Make sure your review addresses a clear research question.
2. Poor Organization: Avoid a scattered presentation. Use an outline to maintain structure.
3. Failure to Synthesize: Do not just list sources. Instead, integrate and compare studies to show meaningful conclusions.
4. Outdated Sources: Always use recent and relevant research unless discussing foundational theories.

Literature Review FAQ

How long should a literature review be?

The length depends on the purpose and scope of your study. A literature review for a dissertation is typically longer than one for a research paper.

Can I include non-academic sources in a literature review?

Generally, it’s best to prioritize peer-reviewed and scholarly sources. However, in some cases, reputable non-academic sources may be used to provide additional context.

How do I structure a literature review for a dissertation?

Follow a detailed outline that includes an introduction, a well-organized body (thematic or chronological), and a concise conclusion. Discuss theories, methodologies, and identify research gaps.

Conclusion

Writing a literature review may seem like a tremendous challenge, but don’t give up! Use our tips and idea, maintain focus, and take it step by step. You’ll find that with a structured approach, even an inexperienced researcher can quickly gain a feel for how to write a literature review! Remember, a well-organized review can help you identify gaps that your own research can fill. Don’t skip on your lit review—dive in and use it to make your research thesis or dissertation even better.

Still need assistance with your literature review?  View or download our free literature review worksheet to help get you started.