You will need make the student realized that focus goes together with memory retention. Based on "Thinking for esults" by Donna Wilson Ph.D. And Marcus Conyers, there are thinking models that we could use as diagnostic tool. This is the Cognitive Assets in Three Phases:
INPUT (Gather Sensory Information) - clear intention, practical optimism, initiative, systematic approach, using two or more source information, selective intention, making comparisons, understanding time, and understanding space.
POCESS (Elaboration of Thoughts) - problem definition, classification, making connections, systematic planning, cognitive flexibility, using cues appropriately, making inferences, hypothesis thinking, working memory, making meaning and summarizing.
OUTPUT (Application of Words) - point-of-view, thoughtful behavior, effective expression, appropriate courage, finishing power and learning from experiences.
Working memory is an important POCESS part in Cognitive Assets. This is the portion wherein we select which information we would like to remember. On taking exams, students would need to review all significant information related…...
Alan addley and Graham Hitch introduced the concept of working memory in 1974 with the purpose of providing the world with a more complex idea of short-term memory. Their theory involves the central executive and its slave systems, the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The slave systems play an important role in short-term memory and make it possible for the central executive to process ideas more efficiently.
When considering the cover page of the National Enquirer, one can observe how marketing teams were provided with the opportunity to get a good grasp of short-term memory and the degree to which it shapes thinking in the masses. Today, the cover page of the National Enquirer lists, in capital letters and eye-grasping colors (red) the exclusive story for the day (the title "exclusive" is also listed in bright red). The way the title is shaped is also revealing: the key words "revealing…...
mlaBibliography
1. Mcledon, S, (2008). Working Memory.
2. Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
)
When listening to the video for this exercise, I cannot hear the different words: The sounds seem nearly continuous (although I can hear the speaker take breaths). However, it is also true that simply because I cannot distinguish the words being spoken here does not mean that other people could not. Some people are linguistically incredibly gifted and I believe that they might be much better than I am at distinguishing word segmentation, especially at recognizing the phonetic clues that signal the beginning of a new word.
In the video of the McGurk Effect, I hear the man saying "ba." I continue to hear this no matter what combination of seeing and listening I apply. The illusion -- the mismatch between sound and hearing -- results from the fact that we combine visual and auditory cues in decoding speech.
Question Seven: The Aha! Moment
Surely everyone has had the experience at least once…...
In order to determine both the learning and the memory differences that existed in the two groups of children with two different identified developmental disorders/impairments, a series of different standardized test was administered privately to each individual participant in the study, with no more than two tests (and usually just one) administered at a time (Alloway & Archibald 2008). he first round of tests measured working memory, and subsequent tests assessed attainment abilities of the individual children in various learning areas. he tests that the researchers used had all been previously vetted by the scientific community, and were accepted as valid and reliable measures of the component that the researchers were specifically testing for in each instance, and all recommendations concerning the individual tests used (such as subtest order and the test-taking environment) were followed (Alloway & Archibald 2008).
his study found that there were definite memory differences between the two…...
mlaTo this end, the authors studied working memory profiles in the two groups of children with different developmental pathologies in an effort to better understand the way working memory function affects development (Alloway & Archibald 2008). Previous to this study, it had already been well established that memory differences can play an important part in explaining individual differences in learning, with poor memory skills most often associated with failing to in reading, mathematics, and language comprehension (Alloway & Archibald 2008). Other areas of concern to the authors with a noted relationship to memory were vocabulary acquisition and visuospatial skills, highlighting memory's importance in all learning (Alloway & Archibald 2008).
In order to determine both the learning and the memory differences that existed in the two groups of children with two different identified developmental disorders/impairments, a series of different standardized test was administered privately to each individual participant in the study, with no more than two tests (and usually just one) administered at a time (Alloway & Archibald 2008). The first round of tests measured working memory, and subsequent tests assessed attainment abilities of the individual children in various learning areas. The tests that the researchers used had all been previously vetted by the scientific community, and were accepted as valid and reliable measures of the component that the researchers were specifically testing for in each instance, and all recommendations concerning the individual tests used (such as subtest order and the test-taking environment) were followed (Alloway & Archibald 2008).
This study found that there were definite memory differences between the two groups with their disparate developmental difficulties that could very likely account for the observed differences in learning difficulties and attainment levels, though more research is necessary to firmly establish a causal relationship (Alloway & Archibald 2008). Specifically, children with a developmental coordination disorder showed impairment across both verbal and visuospatial learning, as well as in working memory tests related to these areas and in short-term memory. The children with specific language, impairments, showed no significant difference in visuospatial skills and memory or short-term memory from standard means of children their ages, but showed similar verbal impairments to the DCD group (Alloway & Archibald 2008). Further research could strengthen these findings.
Memory has been separated into three categories on the basis of the "amount of time the memory lasts." (Zhang, 2004, p.1) The three categories are stated to include the following: (1) sensory memory; (2) short-term memory; and (3) long-term memory. (Zhang, 2004, p.1) The focus of this brief study is to describe each of these memory storage processes.
Sensory Memory & Short-Term Memory
Sensory memory is reported to act as "a buffer for stimuli received from the senses. A sensory memory exists for each sensory channel." (Zhang, 2004, p.1) Sensory memory is the shortest-lived of all types of memory and lasts only milliseconds to a few seconds. (Zhang, 2004, paraphrased) Iconic store is where visual images within sensory memory are stored for only a very short period and serves to integrate our visual experience. It is reported that in a presentation of three rows of four letters to subjects for 50 milliseconds…...
mlaBibliography
Clark, Don (nd) Learning and Memory. Retrieved from: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/learning/memory.html
Memory Loss & The Brain (2010) Rutger's University Memory Disorders Project. Winter 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/memory.html
Sensory Memory (nd) Changing Minds. Retrieved from: http://changingminds.org/explanations/memory/sensory_memory.htm
Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations, Psychological Monographs, 74, 1-29
Though Kellogg developed a study with significant findings, working memory can effect more than just sentence generation. Because "heavy loads" on working memory do affect sentence generation, it is reasonable to assume that they might also affect simple mathematical processes. Do "heavy loads" placed on working memory affect just sentence generation or writing skills, or do they also affect left-brained skills like simple math calculation? Because of the effect on right-brained skills, the assumed hypothesis for this experiment is that if college students are given a "heavy load" on working memory, they will take longer to complete simple math skills. In fact, one would hypothesize that the "heavy load" on a working memory would impact mathematical skills even more than sentence generation skills because the subjects are being asked to remember a large number and then work with numbers. For this experiment, data using both a "heavy load" consisting…...
mlaWorks Cited
Kellogg, Ronald T. "Working Memory Components in Written Sentence Generation."
The American Journal of Psychology. 117.3 (2004): 341-361.
The other group of participants was asked to identify the same words with missing letters, but without having first been primed by viewing the list of words spelled out completely. Each individual's response time in recognizing the incomplete words was then measured, to develop a comparison of response time between the primed and unprimed groups. Both groups of participants in the study were given the same incomplete words to identify, and efforts were taken to ensure that all other aspects of the experiment were kept uniform between the two groups, to ensure that unpredicted and uncontrolled variables would not have an unforeseen effect on the results of the study. In this way, any difference in the response times of the two groups of participants could be relied upon to reflect only the differences created by the priming.
The hypothesis of this experiment is that response times in the recognition of…...
Learning and Cognitive Psychology Related to Memory
Memory has control over everything that an individual does and is a part of cognitive psychology that deals with all the human behavior and mental processes. It is divided into different categories with each of them performing their particular functions. The paper investigates the different types of memories and their purpose as each one plays its part in keeping the memory part of the brain functioning. The nature, maintenance, retrieval and capacity of memory are also discussed along with the different factors that influence it. The paper also discusses the application of TRS model on the working memory, which leads to the prediction that maintenance activities should postpone concurrent processing.
Introduction
Memory is what drives our everyday life, makes us relate to or recollect things from the past and in many ways defines our behavior. We take it for granted as the effort required to put…...
mlaBibliography
Baddeley, A.D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975).World length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575-589.
Blankenship, A.B. (1938). Memory span: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 35, 1-25.
Brener, R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 467-482
Bousfield, W.A. (1953). The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229 -- 240. doi:10.1080/00221309.1953.9710088
..Educational psychologists have made rather extensive investigations of semantic (declarative) and procedural memory with respect to studying and theorizing about classroom learning and teaching....very little theoretical or empirical work has been conducted in educational psychology that has examined the episodic (experiential and autobiographical) memories of teachers and learners in relation to instructional interventions and students' learning from such interventions.
Martin 1993: 169-170)
Another memory theory that has become popular and may have significant educational distinction is the concept of working memory, or rapid access memory that is finite (such as the AM of a computer and therefore cannot be stretched across to much stimulus or brain work to elicit memory of the core concepts.
esearch on test anxiety and working memory suggests that performance deficits caused by test anxiety can be explained by the extent to which individuals are able to use their working memory capacity (Darke, 1988b; Eysenck, 1985). The working memory…...
mlaReferences
Antoine, Marie, Shannon Donald, and Carolyn C. Cox. 2003. "Are Students Throwing Away Nutrition?." Journal of Research in Childhood Education 17:230.
Arnold, Magda B. 1984. Memory and the Brain. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chance, P.A. 1999. Learning and Behavior. New York: AIPI.
Das, J.P. 1989. "Good and Poor Readers' Word Naming Time, Memory Span, and Story Recall." Journal of Experimental Education 57:101-114.
memory, or short-term memory as it is most commonly referred to, is the brain system that stores and manages information for a comparatively short time (Cowan 2008). Psychologists study primary memory to explain how humans and animals remember, as well as how they learn. Mathematical abilities, the ability to solve problems, reason, and understand language are all thought to depend on short-term memory. For example, solving a story problem in math hinges on the ability to keep in mind more than one piece of information at once (Unsworth & Engle 2007). esearchers disagree about how much information the working memory can retain, whether its capacity can be extended, and how it works (for example, as a system distinct from long-term memory or not). Impaired working memory is linked to some learning disabilities and to illnesses such as Alzheimer's (Polyn & Kahana 2008).
In order for something to be stored permanently…...
mlaReferences:
Unsworth, N., & Engle, R.W. (2007) The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory. Psychological Review. 114(1): 104-132. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.10
Cowan, N. (2008) What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? Prog Brain Res. 169: 323-338. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9
Polyn, S.M., & Kahana, M.J. (2008) Memory search and the neural representation of context. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12(1): 24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.
Primary Memory
Memory and Forgetting: A Comprehensive Analysis
Memory loss is a huge problem in an aging population.
No substantive cure for memory loss.
Forgetfulness does not always accompany aging.
Different types of memory loss:
Forgetfulness
Dementia
Alzheimer's
Confusion
The memory impairment that comes with aging may be due to confusion as well as memory loss.
Memory loss and forgetfulness may be preventable.
There are a number of different approaches to reducing forgetfulness
Background music
Categorization
Control
Daily behavioral changes
The goal of the paper began as a meta-analysis of efforts aimed to reduce forgetfulness
Too many promising approaches to aiding memory impairment to engage in a traditional meta-analysis
Look at the theoretical overlap of different known approaches that may enhance or impair memory
F. Not engaging in a meta-analysis of a single therapy because single therapies do not have therapeutic efficacy.
G. Examine the hypothetical overlap between various treatment modalities
II. Literature eview
A. Three types of memory as defined by Cowan, 2008.
1. Long-term memory
2. Short-term memory
3. Working memory
B. epetition
1. Does repetition move…...
mlaReferences
Bottiroli, S., Rosi, A., Russo, R., Vecchi, T. & Cavallini, E. 2014. 'The cognitive effects of listening to background music on older adults: processing speed improves with upbeat music, while memory seems to benefit from both upbeat and downbeat music.' Front Aging Neurosci, vol.6. pp. 284-. Available from: [November 11, 2014].
Cairney, S.A., Durrant, S.J., Jackson, R., & Lewis, P.A. 2014. 'Sleep spindles provide indirect support to the consolidation of emotional encoding contexts.' Neuropsychologia, vol. 63, pp. 285-92.
Cowan, N. (2008). What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory? Prog Brain Res, 169, pp.323-338. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9
Lo, J.C., Dijk, D.J., & Groeger, J.A. 2014. 'Comparing the effects of nocturnal sleep and daytime napping on declarative memory consolidation. PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 9, e108100. Available from: . [4 November 2014].
Memory Studies
Memories of Cyprus
A View of Greek & Turkish- Cypriots
Memories of the past play an important role in deciding our present and future. They even have a potential of molding the course of our life. Different people sharing the same history may have a different perspective of looking at it; therefore they develop their own different set of memories based on their individual events. This is exactly what happened to the Greeks and Turks as a result of political and military events in Cyprus. Where the centre of this memory is same: Cyprus, how two sides of the same story vary greatly, is quite amusing. Memories about Cyprus affected the lives of Greeks and Turks greatly however they both chose to respond to it differently and that is what changed the course of their lives.
The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on 20 July 1974, was a Turkish military invasion in…...
mlaReferences:
Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of Nationalism
Bourdieu, P.and Jean C.P. (1996), Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture
Bowman, J., "Seeing what's missing in memories of Cyprus," Peace review: A journal of Social Justice 18, 119-127.
Bryant, R. (2005), "Writing the catastrophe, Nostalgia and its Histories in Cyprus." Journal of Modern Greek Studies 25, 399-422.
Whenever I will have to remember anything like dates or thing in order, I always try to ask myself what each of this thing reminds me of so that I can get a strong connection with them. Then, I will try to link this connection with an immense and vivid representation to make my recollection a lot more stronger. This task involves keeping the information in mind while performing another task (Uttl, Ohta, & Siegenthaler, 2006). Technically, Baddeley postulates what he calls a central executive (Bjork and Bjork, 1996), which is involved in the coordination and control of behavior (Levitin, 2002).
eference List
Bjork, E.L., & Bjork, .A. (Eds.). (1996). Memory. San Diege, CA: Academic Press Inc.
Levitin, D.J. (2002). Foundations of Cognitive Psychology. Boston, MA: The MIT Press.
Uttl, B., Ohta, N., & Siegenthaler, a.L. (Eds.). (2006). Memory and Emotion. Malden, MA:
Blackwell…...
mlaReference List
Bjork, E.L., & Bjork, R.A. (Eds.). (1996). Memory. San Diege, CA: Academic Press Inc.
Levitin, D.J. (2002). Foundations of Cognitive Psychology. Boston, MA: The MIT Press.
Uttl, B., Ohta, N., & Siegenthaler, a.L. (Eds.). (2006). Memory and Emotion. Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.
Learning
Memory is an important construct of human brain which performs a significant role in each and every activity of life. It is interesting to mention that brain is also a muscle and its energy can be increased by using it. There are many tactics found in literature and everyday practises to sharpen memory skills. However, the most effective technique is to play games which appear interesting to the players and involve memory cells as well. Before planning any exercise to sharpen memory, it is helpful to understand the basic memory process and the types of memory.
This report is about types of memory and their use in the daily life of a human being. The types of memory are elaborated using the example of a game. It is commonly said that memory becomes weak when it is frequently switched from one task to another. In other words, multitasking reduces memory performance.…...
mlaReferences
Bernstein, D. (2010). Essentials of Psychology. USA: Wadsworth Publishing.
Dehn, M. (2010). Long-Term Memory Problems in Children and Adolescents. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Easysurf. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.easysurf.cc/memtstn.htm#top
NCBI. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657600/
When you clicked to move on it then asked you to fill in the boxes with as many words as you could remember, spelled correctly. You then had to pick your age group, your gender and what country you were from. Upon hitting the check my memory button it told you how you compared with similar people to you who also took this test (How good is your memory- Memory Test, n.d.).
Of the twelve words I could recall 7 of them. The explanation of the test results explained that on average our short-term memory can hold an average of 7 chunks of information (names, numbers, etc.) + or - 2. So if someone scores between 5 and 9 of the words on the list, their short-term memory is working at an average capacity (How good is your memory- Memory Test, n.d.).
The more that one repeats something the more likely…...
mlaReferences
How good is your memory- Memory Test. (n.d.). Retrieved June 3, 2009, from Psychologist
World Web site: http://psychologistworld.com/memory/test1.php
Human Memory. (n.d.). Retrieved June 3, 2009, from NASA.gob Web site: http://human-
factors.arc.nasa.gov/cognition/tutorials/ModelOf/Knowmore1.html
1. The Neurobiological Basis of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Complexities of Brain Abnormalities
- Investigate the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems, connectivity, and neural circuitry.
- Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping these brain abnormalities and their contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
- Explore the potential links between neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
2. Hallucinations and Delusions: Unraveling the Subjective Experiences in Schizophrenia
- Analyze the phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions, examining their characteristic features, content, and impact on the individual's subjective reality.
- Explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these psychotic....
1. Discuss the role of genetics in the development of ADHD and how it impacts learning and memory processes in individuals with the disorder.
2. Evaluate the neurological basis of ADHD and its impact on cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and executive functions.
3. Analyze the relationship between ADHD and learning disabilities, and how these co-occurring conditions affect memory formation and retention.
4. Explore the effectiveness of different pharmacological interventions for ADHD in enhancing learning and memory abilities in individuals with the disorder.
5. Discuss the potential role of neuroplasticity and neurogenesis in improving learning and memory outcomes in individuals with ADHD.
6.....
Teenage Depression and the Impact of Constant Overthinking about the Future
Thesis Statement:
While depression in teenagers can have various causes, the relentless overthinking about their future plays a significant role in exacerbating the condition.
Introduction:
Depression is a debilitating mental health condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide, including a significant proportion of teenagers. While its etiology is complex and multifactorial, research has identified a consistent pattern among teenage depression sufferers: excessive and persistent overthinking about the future. Understanding the causal relationship between future-oriented rumination and depression in teenagers can empower healthcare professionals and educators to develop targeted interventions and support mechanisms.
The Nature....
Outline: Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Function
I. Introduction
A. Definition and prevalence of sleep deprivation
B. Thesis statement: Sleep deprivation significantly impairs cognitive function.
II. Effects on Attention and Concentration
A. Reduced alertness and focus
B. Difficulty sustaining attention over time
C. Impaired ability to ignore distractions
D. Slower reaction times
III. Effects on Memory
A. Impairments in encoding and consolidation of new information
B. Difficulty recalling information, especially episodic memories
C. Reduced working memory capacity
D. Increased errors in memory tasks
IV. Effects on Executive Function
A. Impaired decision-making and problem-solving
B. Reduced cognitive flexibility and adaptability
C. Difficulty multitasking and....
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