While this paper may be just a scratch on the surface of what can prove to be a rich and engaging area of new research on women in leadership, it reveals that either way women still has the choice on which path to take. Neither path is easy though the struggle may be in different arenas. And while advocates for the further progress of women to reach top leadership positions in business, politics, the academe or elsewhere outside the home call for changes in perceptions and attitudes on women in general, there may also be a need to rethink how men and women view family life and see its significance in nation building. The danger, however, lies in the sad fact that our minds have been too steeped with the poison of viewing family and domestic life as inferior to anything else outside the home, thus further isolating other women…...

mla

References

Axelrod, Ruth. (2008). Women's Leadership Learning: Using Psychosocial Development Theory to Inform Practice. A PowerPoint Presentation.

Catalyst. (2007). The Double-Bind Dilemma for Women in Leadership: Damned if You Do, Doomed if You Don't. New York: Catalyst.

Catalyst. (2006). 2005 Catalyst Census of Women Corporate Officers and Top Earners of Fortune 500. New York: Catalyst.

International Labour Organization. (2004). Breaking through the Glass Ceiling. Women in Management. Geneva: International Labour Organizational.

In the first instance, the research undertaken on this topic has attempted to be as inclusive as possible. To this end databases such as Ebscohost and Quesia were consulted for up-to-date sources and data. However the research was also limited to the ideas and objectives suggested in chapter one. The following review is indicative of the some of the most important studies within the parameter of the central questions to be addressed.
The situation of women in leadership roles

The theme of female empowerment, the status of women and gender equality are significant issues in the world today. There have been dramatic changes in the past century with regard to the position of women in the workplace and in leadership. It is now generally acknowledged that leadership is a gender -- free concept. However, at the same time there are still very real differences between the genders in terms of advancement,…...

mla

References

Afkhami M. wt al. A LEADERSHIP TRAINING HANDBOOK for WOMEN. Retrieved March 12, 2010 from  http://www.learningpartnership.org/docs/engltcmanual.pdf 

AH, E. (2007, March). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: resolving the contradictions. Journal of Psychology of Women Quarterly. Retrieved February 14, 2010, from EBSCOdatabase.

Anonymous . Gender Negotiations. (2009, November 13). Forward, p. 10. Retrieved March 4, 2010, from Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). (Document ID: 1909613591).

Ascher, W., & Hirschfelder-Ascher, B. (2005). Revitalizing Political Psychology: The Legacy of Harold D. Lasswell. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

). Lever suggests that sexist ideas, among both women and men, come from "omnipresent cultural messages" (Hally Z.). These messages suggest that women are excellent caregivers, but that men are good leaders. As such, "any woman stepping out of her area of expertise, such as by taking on the job of manager, president, or CEO, is viewed with suspicion" (Hally Z.).
To overcome the perception that women are not good leaders, they must often take on, and even exaggerate, masculine traits like toughness and selfishness. For example, Margaret Thatcher, former British Prime Minister, was often seen as tougher than many of her male counterparts. Since masculine traits are seen as unnatural for women, women who are tough and assertive are often seen as "*****y" or emasculating. Unfortunately, women leaders who choose not to be tough or assertive are seen as weak or ineffective (Hally Z.) as a result, women leaders must…...

mla

References

Hally Z. Women Still Viewed as Unqualified for Leadership Roles. Accessed May 27, 2008.

Published Mar 07, 2007. www.associatedcontent.com/article/170695/women_still_viewed_as_unqualified_for.html?cat=3

Lips, Hilary M. Women and Leadership: The Delicate Balancing Act. (2007). Radford University. Accessed May 27, 2008. http://www.womensmedia.com/new/Lips-Hilary-Women-as-Leaders.shtml

Moneyzine.com. Women in Leadership Roles. Accessed May 27, 2008.  http://www.money-zine.com/Career-Development/Leadership-Skill/Women-in-Leadership-Roles/

History of Women in Leadership oles in the U.S. MILITAY
Women in military in the evolutionary and Civil wars

Since the revolutionary periods of the war, women took center stage positions in leadership roles. This was unlike earlier periods, when they had to have disguises for them to serve alongside men in the military (Taber, 2011). During these times, the acceptance of women into military only permitted them into auxiliary positions. The reason for that was that the methods and weapons for war did not suit the female gender; however, as situations changed the warfare front had to incorporate women into more challenging positions. There was the realization of no importance held by gender on the battlefield, and women begun receiving leadership positions within the military in United States (Fredriksen, 1999).

In periods of the Mexican, Civil and revolutionary wars, remarkably few women got involved in combat. These women had to disguise themselves…...

mla

References

Alfonso, K.L. (2010). Femme Fatale 2010. Air & Space Power Journal, 24(3), 59.

Bloom, M. (2011). Bombshells: Women and Terror. Gender Issues, 28(1/2), 1. doi:10.1007/s12147-011-9098-z

Fredriksen, J.C. (1999). American military leaders: From colonial times to the present. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. Print.

Haritos-Fatouros, M., Zimbardo, P., Stoltzfus, N., Fotopoulou, M., & Dikaiou, M. (2010). PTSD and female military returnees from Iraq and Afghanistan: What does the evidence tell us?. Journal Of U.S.-China Public Administration, 7(8), 80-85.

Leadership: Enhancing Lessons Experience
According to Johnson, & Giorgis (2002), Leadership is the process in which an individual influences actions of others towards common goals, Formulates policies, strategies, and influence people towards achievement of the same strategies. Over the past decades, various changes in the world have led to various definitions of leadership. The fall of the Soviet Union, globalization and various advances have changed the world we knew. A woman in leadership positions is a new phenomenon; various leadership trainings are available, and leadership as a skill is now an asset for professionals. For African Universities to ensure knowledge transfer and observing millennium development goals, a good leadership structure is essential. A leader has exception skills and acts outrageously to situations (Padam, 2009).

Scholars have advanced various theories on leadership. Leaders' Individual personal attributes beat explains the trait theory, when one looks closely at Mahatma Gandhi and Hitler it is evident…...

mla

References

Johnson, N.J., & Giorgis, C. (2002). Leadership. The Reading Teacher, 56(3), 315-316. Retrieved from http:/ / proquest.com/docview/203276035

Padam, S. (2009). Leadership: Theory and practice. South Asian Journal of Management, 16(3), 136-137. Retrieved from http://.proquest.com/docview/222728386

Ilgen, D.R., Hollenbeck, J.R., Johnson, M., & Jundt, D. (2005). TEAMS IN ORGANIZATIONS: From input-process-output models to IMOI models. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 517-543. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/205830055 

Hanson, K., & Leautier, F. (2011). Enhancing institutional leadership in african universities: Lessons from ACBS's interventions. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 7(2), 385-417. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20425961201000040

omen in Higher Education
Describe ways in which female college students in the era from 1920 to 1945 influence the present generation of female college students.

It would not be unreasonable to refer to women in the 1920 -- 1930 window of time in American history as pathfinders. Professor Mary McComb explains that in 1930 women workers and students "were perceived as larger threats" than in previous era; indeed, the "new women" in the 1930s received "a fair share of scorn" by pursuing higher education and entering the workforce in substantial numbers (McComb, 2006). But women did not back down. By competing with men for jobs, the female college student of the 1930s was "more suspect…" then her predecessors, and yet she marched forward with dreams and goals that were part of the "American Dream" (McComb, 2006).

In the 1930s women made up about 50% of the American workforce, McComb explains on page…...

mla

Works Cited

Bank, B.J. (2003). Contradictions in Women's Education: Traditionalism, Careerism, and Community at a Single-sex College. New York: Teachers College Press.

Carreon, S., Cassedy, A., Borman, K., and Dubeck, P.J. (2013). Women and Work: A

Handbook. Florence, KY: Routledge Publishing.

McComb, M.C. (2006). Great Depression and the Middle Class: Experts, Collegiate Youth

Women of today have come along way because society has recognized that they have voices as well as men do. From the entire world, women have maintained their place due to the new customs that have arisen over the years. They have been able to go vote and work, which puts them as equals with men For example, South Korea; there is a female president instead of a make. Therefore, women have overcome the stereotypes that society has created from sixty years ago. No matter what country or culture women are in, it has been proven during the last two decades they are no longer inferior when it comes to being equals with men. In other words, regardless of what society throws at women, they become stronger and more powerful every day.
In Mexico, Mexicans place a high value on family and traditional values. lthough women make up an increasingly large…...

mla

Along with India, South Korea has build up support for women so that they can be equal. The Korean Women's Development Institute or KWDI was established in 1983 to promote women's social participation and welfare by carrying out research and studies on women, by providing education and training for women, and by assisting women's activities. A law passed by the Korean National Assembly in 1982 mandates the KWDI to assist government in popularizing gender consciousness, as well as in promoting gender equality in policy formulation and implementation. Originally under the auspices of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and then under the Ministry of Political Affairs, KWDI is now being coordinated by the Special Committee on Women's Affairs directly under the Office of the President (South Korea).

KWDI has three anchor programs, namely; the Research Center, the Lifelong Education Center, and the Women's Information Center. The Research Center carries out basic research and policy studies to promote gender consciousness in various fields of society and life as well as to formulate and implement policies that supports gender equality. The Lifelong Education Center provides gender consciousness education, women's leadership training, women's capacity development, and training of international experts. It also hosts international activities, and acts as a comprehensive assistance center for women's non-formal education. Last but not the least, the Women's Information Center produces and distributes information about the research and projects of the KWDI, as well as information about women's issues and concerns. It systematizes and computerizes various kinds of women's information through databases, and provides information service through its library, various publications, and its nation-wide electronic information network (South Korea). Therefore, women in South Korea have become very strong and determined without the help with men which only means they are growing more powerful every day.

In that case, women in most societies were denied some of the legal and political rights accorded to men. Although women in much of the world have gained significant legal rights, many people believe that women still do not have complete political, economic, and social equality with men. In South Korea, through AWORC, the KWDI hopes to share its resource and library holdings to women outside of South Korea, and to make resource and information generated by women's organizations and institutes accessible to the communities it serves. Throughout each countrywomen are becoming more self-made and the only people that they rely on themselves.

Leadership Styles Among Male and Female Principal
It is the intention of this research to study the leadership and cognitive styles of teachers and instructors of both genders within the educational system and their preference for types of leadership in a principal of that institution.

The research will include teachers and educators from all levels of the educational system from grade school to high school. The study will also include teachers and instructors from all major academic fields of study offered in public and private schools. The studies conducted thus far in the educational arena indicate that teachers are equally inclined towards different cognitive styles.

Teachers prefer a mix of idealist, analytical and realistic cognitive styles of leadership in their Principals. Studies have also indicated that teachers prefer that principals are people oriented and task oriented in their approach to running the school or institution. In addition, teachers also prefer that the Principal…...

mla

Bibliography

Berens, Linda V., and Dario Nardi. Personality Types, Descriptions for Self-Discovery. New York: Telos Publications, 1999.pp.

Blake, R.R., H. Shepherd, and Jane Srygley Mouton. Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry. Houston, Tx: Gulf Publishing Company, 1964.pp.

Blau, Francine D., Marianne A. Ferber, and Anne E. Winkler. The Economics of Women, Men, and Work. Prentice-Hall Series in Economics. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002.pp. xviii, 446

Bossert, S.T., et al. "The Instructional Management Role of the Principal." Educational Administration Quarterly 18.3 (1982): 34-64.

omen in American History
The contribution woman have made to the United States over the years is profoundly important, and probably not recognized to the degree that it should be recognized. This paper reviews and critiques the contributions of women from five periods in history: from 1865 to 1876; from 1877 to 1920; from 1921 to 1945; from 1946 to 1976; and from 1976 to the present day.

omen in America -- 1865 to 1876 -- Sojourner Truth

One of the brightest lights in the movement to free the slaves was Sojourner Truth, likely the best-known person in the abolitionist movement. She was actually very active in the movement to free the slaves before and during the Civil ar, and she helped organize and lead the Underground Railroad movement. The Underground Railroad shepherded runaway slaves away from Southern slave states and up into New York State, Pennsylvania, isconsin, Minnesota and other states that…...

mla

Works Cited

Baker, Sara Josephine. (2007). Sara Josephine Baker: Physician and Public Health Worker.

Harvard Square Library / Notable American Unitarians. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from  http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/baker.html .

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2006). Hull House. Retrieved June 12, 2011, from  http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275272/Hull-House .

Jewish Virtual Library. (2006). Golda Meir. Retrieved June 13, 2011, from  http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/meir.html .

Women in Judaism: An Evolving Role in Religion and Society
Many laymen to Judaism look inward into the religion and view Jewish women as oppressed, their lives and choices dictated to them by the men who surround them. From rabbis to husbands to the ible itself, the belief has generally been that women have been essentially inferior to men since the dawn of the religion centuries ago. However, in taking a contemporary view toward women in Judaism, and in marking the significant strides that the sex has made throughout the centuries, one can immediately see that all it takes to understand the power and respect that Jewish women afford themselves is merely to take a closer look. In viewing the changes and struggles that Jewish women have been through throughout the centuries as well as taking a strictly-religious view in understanding the way Jewish people view God to have made them,…...

mla

Bibliography

Bernbaum, Tova. (2011). "The Curse of Eve." A Jewish Perspective on Women in Society. Web.

Retrieved from:   / jewish/The-Curse-of-Eve.htm. [Accessed on 28 November 2012].http://www.chabad.org/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/90765 

Fishelov, David. (2010). "Biblical Women in World and Hebrew Literature." Jewish Women's

Archive. Web. Retrieved from:   [Accessed on 28 November 2012].http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/biblical-women-in-world-and-hebrew-literature 

Women in Business
Key Qualities Women Must Possess for Success in the Business World

One of the most important qualities that women must possess for success in the business world is the knowledge and self-confidence that they are equally capable of performing well as any male in the same position. Generally, self-confidence and self-efficacy in general are necessary elements to success and women typically face more obstacles than men do in that regard, largely because of some cultural biases based in a long previous history of chauvinistic beliefs and expectations in society (Halbert & Ingulli, 2009).

Changes in Modern Business Attributable to Women in Management Positions

One of the more important changes in modern business that is attributable to more women in positions of management is that any prevailing or residual male chauvinism is reduced for every woman who achieves positions of leadership within organizations because of the opportunity to influence organizational ethics and…...

mla

References

Halbert, T. & Ingulli, E. (2009). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment. Cincinnati:

West Legal Studies.

Maxwell, J.C. (2007). The 21 Irrefutable Rules of Leadership. Atlanta: Maxwell

Motivation Co.

Physiological effects are also a give away when we think of the effects of substance abuse. For instance, it has been noted that women have higher chances of developing liver disease, brain and heart damage than men even if their period of drinking is lesser than their male counterparts. A link between breast cancer and alcohol abuse was also found (National Women's Health eport Online, 2007).
Treatment-wise, it was noted that women who struggle with substance-related problems do not have accessible services and resources. There is also a need to "develop training curriculum for workers on the issues of domestic violence..." (Institute for Women's Leadership, n.d., pp. 3-4) as domestic violence often leads to substance abuse as it is used by women as coping mechanism to such kind of marital difficulties (NCADV, 2009). The method of "intervention" or other forms of therapy which are confrontational in nature are also problematic…...

mla

References

Califano, J.A. Jr. (1998). Substance Abuse and Addiction - the Need to Know. American Journal of Public Health, 1, pp. 9-10.

Chih-Hung, K. et al. (2006). Tridimensional Personality of Adolescents With Internet Addiction and Substance Use Experience. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(14), pp. 887-894.

Diaza, D. (2009). Women and Substance Abuse. Retrieved from www.womeningovernment.org/policies_publications/policy-issues/women-and-substance-abuseonMarch 14.

Estronaut (1999). Women and Substance Abuse. Retrieved from www.estronaut.com/a/women_substance_abuse_drugs_alcohol.htm. onMarch 14.

Leadership Training and Its elationship to Communication Skills, Self-Esteem, and Problem Solving Skills among Youth
Transformational leadership remains a critical phenomenon as described through behavioral components such as inspirational motivation, idealized influence, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Idealized influence is the first element and is reflected based on the conceptualization by transformational leaders who behave in a manner that allows them appear as role models among their followers. Such individuals are respected, trusted, and admired (Olive, Gottfried, Guerin, Gottfried & eichard, 2011). Followers relate with the leaders with the aim of emulating them.

Children's attachment style is normally attributed to parental factors or parenting style. Attachment styles are well formed at early ages even though they are predictive of outcomes for future leadership. Early life shows that bonds developed by infants with caregivers vary between from an insecure to secure attachment styles. The relationship identifies diverse infant attachment styles which are…...

mla

References

Day, D.V. (2011) Integrative perspectives on longitudinal investigations of leader development: From childhood through adulthood. The Leadership Quarterly 22-561 -- 571.

Gottfried, A.E., Gottfried, A.W., Reichard, R.J., Guerin, D.W., Oliver, P.H., & Riggio, R.E. (2011). Motivational roots of leadership: A longitudinal study from childhood through adulthood. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 510 -- 519.

Mortensen, J., Lichty, L., Foster-Fishman, P., & Warsinske, K. (2014). Leadership through a Youth Lens: Understanding Youth Conceptualizations of Leadership. Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 4, 447 -- 462

Murphy, S.E., & Johnson, S.K. (2011) The benefits of a long-lens approach to leader development: Understanding the seeds of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 22. 459 -- 470.

Annotated Bibliography
Byars-Winston, A., Estrada, Y., Howard, C., Davis, D., & Zalapa, J. (2010). Influence of social cognitive and ethnic variables on academic goals of underrepresented students in science and engineering: a multiple-groups analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(2), doi:10.1037/a0018608

• This article explores how both social cognitive and ethnic variables can play a part in determining the academic goals of people and groups that are "under-represented" within the academic sphere. The groups centered on this study include Africa-Americans, Latinos, Southeast Asians and Native Americans. There were 223 people in the study and the study itself was centered on what is known as the social cognitive theory, as proposed and discussed by Lent, Brown and Hackett in 1994. There was a significant relationship found between outcome expectations, interests and goals. Self-efficacy and efficacy-mediated relationships were also in play. One area that is touched upon with fervor in this study is what is…...

Leadeship Skills Impact Intenational Education
CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION

Pactical Cicumstances of Intenational schools

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATION

What is Effective Leadeship fo Today's Schools?

Challenges of Intecultual Communication

Challenges of Diffeing Cultual Values

Impotance of the Team

Leadeship Style

LEADERSHIP THEORIES

Cuent Leadeship Reseach

Tansfomational Leadeship

Skills-Authoity

Contingency Theoies

APPLYING LEADERSHIP IN AN INTERNATIONAL SETTING

Wagne's "Buy-in" vs. Owneship

Undestanding the Ugent Need fo Change

Reseach confims what teaches, students, paents and supeintendents have long known: the individual school is the key unit fo educational impovement, and within the school the pincipal has a stong influence upon the natue of the school, the conditions unde which students lean, and upon what and how much they lean. Despite this ageement about the cental ole of the pincipal, thee is little eseach concening the chaacteistics of pincipals associated with effective leadeship and with pupil accomplishment, and even less insight about how these chaacteistics might be developed and by what means, paticulaly fo intenational school settings.…...

mla

reference:

http://mason.gmu.edu/~lshafer/schoolsetting.html].

Allen, K.E., Bordas, J., Robinson Hickman, G., Matusek, L.R., & Whitmire, K.J. (1998). Leadership in the twenty-first century. Rethinking Leadership Working Papers. Academy of Leadership Press. http://www.academy.umd.edu/scholarship/casl/klspdocs/21stcen.html

Bennis, W.G. (1997). "The secrets of great groups." Leader to Leader, No.3. The Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management. http://www.pfdf.org/leaderbooks/L2L/winter97/bennis.html

Crowther, F., Kaagan, S., et. al. (2002). Developing Teacher Leaders. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press.

1. The role of the church in addressing social justice issues such as racial inequality, poverty, and immigration.
2. The impact of technology on the church and religious practices.
3. The controversy surrounding LGBTQ+ rights and the church's stance on sexuality.
4. The role of women in leadership positions within the church.
5. The challenges and opportunities of outreach and evangelism in a modern, secular society.
6. The church's response to climate change and environmental stewardship.
7. The intersection of religion and politics in contemporary society.
8. The rise of the "nones" - those who identify as having no religion, and its implications for the church.
9. The....

Here are some essay topics that explore different aspects of feminism:

1. The history of feminism and its impact on society
2. Intersectionality in feminism: How race, class, and sexuality intersect with gender in feminist movements
3. The portrayal of feminism in popular culture and media
4. The role of men in feminism and the importance of male allies
5. Feminist theory and its relevance in today's political and social climate
6. The challenges facing the feminist movement in the 21st century
7. Feminist perspectives on reproductive rights and bodily autonomy
8. The impact of globalization on women's rights and feminist movements worldwide
9. The relationship between feminism and....

Essay Topic 1: The Evolution of Feminist Thought: From Suffrage to Intersectionality

Trace the historical trajectory of feminist thought, from the early suffrage movement to contemporary intersectional feminism.
Analyze the shifting definitions and goals of feminism over time.
Examine the impact of social, political, and economic factors on feminist ideologies.

Essay Topic 2: The Intersectionality of Feminism: Identity, Power, and Oppression

Explore the concept of intersectionality and its significance within feminist theory.
Discuss how race, gender, class, sexuality, and other identities intersect to create unique experiences of oppression and empowerment.
Analyze the ways in which intersectionality challenges dominant feminist narratives and....

Gender Equality in Contemporary American Culture: A Historical Perspective

Introduction:
In the tapestry of American culture, gender equality stands as a vibrant thread, woven amidst centuries of societal evolution and sociopolitical struggles. This essay delves into the historical trajectory of gender equality, exploring the shifts, triumphs, and ongoing challenges that have shaped its current status in American society.

Historical Roots:
The seeds of gender equality were sown in the early days of the American republic, with the signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the Constitution (1789). These foundational documents enshrined the principles of liberty and equality, yet they fell short of extending....