White Supremacy
Ironically, the topic begins with the statement, "Given the way white supremacy structures our lives…" This comment in and of itself is incorrect in my opinion. It is indicative of how others view the white race and implies that whites are indeed superior. It is my belief that whites have no supremacy whatsoever within our nation or abroad. However, we only allow them to have supremacy through our own actions, beliefs and lack of desire. The white race is no more superior to the Asian race than the African-American race is to the Hispanic race. The only factors that contribute to this disparity are education, leadership and mindset. When all three are utilized properly, the word "White Supremacy" only becomes an after thought in the minds of those who actively pursue the above mentioned strategies. Throughout the course of this document, I intend to reveal that supremacy is only…...

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References

1) Jenkins, John P. "White Supremacy -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Web. 10 May 2011. .

2) Internet Users - Top 20 Countries - Internet Usage." Internet World Stats - Usage and Population Statistics. Web. 10 May 2011. .

3) Lilley, Sandra. "Grim Graduation Rates for Black Males Highlight Racial Gap." TheGrio | African-American Breaking News and Opinion. Web. 10 May 2011. .

4) "Prison Population Exceeds Two Million -- Infoplease.com." Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free Online Reference, Research & Homework Help. -- Infoplease.com. Web. 10 May 2011. .

Discimination: White Supemacy
White people tend to take fo ganted daily advantages and pivileges that thei skin colo povides them esulting in an attitude of acism. Consequently, black people constantly suffe fom the esulting attitudes of white people. Theefoe, thee is need to safeguad backs fom the attitude of acism by whites because of the ignoance of the available pivileges and advantages. One of the majo ways that have been suggested as the best possible means of dealing with this acism poblem and white supemacy is affimative action. Vaious aguments have been developed egading the ability and inability of affimative action to deal with the exteme discimination fom whites.

The use of affimative action policies can be taced back to 1960s when they wee adopted fo the pupose of ensuing that thee ae equal oppotunities fo minoities and disadvantaged people in the wokplace. These policies ae deemed as necessay in tacking…...

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references for some people at the expense of others instead of the same opportunities for everyone. Notably, affirmative action policies have failed to accomplish their main objective but rather resulted in more rifts and dilemmas especially in areas where they are coercive. Recently, these policies have shifted from being peaceful to coercive suppressing the freedom of businesses and many workplaces.

In my opinion, policies of affirmative action are ineffective in fighting extreme discrimination and white supremacy because they are unnecessary and divisive. This is because they have failed to achieve their original goals and resulted in extra rifts and dilemmas. Moreover, the policies are ineffective because they suppress the development of free competition among business, which would eliminate discrimination.

In conclusion, since the inception of affirmative action policies, several arguments have been raised regarding their ability and effectiveness to deal with extreme discrimination. Due to the various issues that these policies have brought and their inability to accomplish initial objectives, they are not the most suitable means of dealing with discrimination.

Indeed, Billingsley asserts, the black church has been "and is" for blacks in America "the mother of our culture, the champion of our freedom," and the "hallmark" of blacks' "civilization" (Billingsley, 1992, p. 223).
Resistance to racism and segregation also came in many small acts through bold and courageous moves by individuals. In Farmville, Virginia, for example, in 1935, Barbara Johns organized students in Robert Russa Moton High School to go on strike to protest terrible school facilities for black students (ormser, p. 178). She was a tobacco worker in the fields, a minister's niece, a good speaker and she was seemingly very influenced by her uncle Vernon Johns' preaching. This is how enthusiasm for change is passed from one person to the next - Reverend Johns was known for "exhorting and chastising" his congregation for their "complacency and docility" (ormser, 178). Barbara Johns was moved by her uncle's rousing…...

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Works Cited

Billingsley, Andrew. (1992). Climbing Jacob's Ladder: The Enduring Legacy of African-

American Families. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Book, Robert. (2004). Race, Water, and Foreign Policy: The Tennessee Valley

Authority's Global Agenda Meets "Jim Crow." Diplomatic History, 28(1), 55-81.

TEOIST THEAT ASSESSMENT Terrorist Threat Assessment: White SupremacyIn its September 2021 report to the House of epresentatives Committee on Oversight and eform, the FBI acknowledged that the greatest terrorism threat in the US is posed by small cells and lone actors who use easily accessible weapons to attack soft targets (FBI, 2021). The main manifestations of these threats are Homegrown Violent Extremists (HVEs) and Domestic Violent Extremists (DVE) arising domestically (FBI, 2021). HVEs are influenced or inspired by foreign terrorist groups although they do not have direct links or receive individualized orders from these groups (FBI, 2021). Conversely, DVEs commit acts of terrorism to further certain political or social goals arising from domestic issues, such as anti-government sentiments and ethnic or racial bias (FBI, 2021).DVEs who act in furtherance of ethnic or racial goals are referred to as MVEs (acially or Ethnically Motivated Violent Extremists) (FBI, 2021). According to the…...

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ReferencesAnti-Defamation League (ADL) (2017). Funding hate: How white supremacists raise their money. Author.   League (ADL) (2020). Murder and extremism in the United States in 2020. Author.  https://www.adl.org/murder-and-extremism-2020 Byman, D. L., & Pitcavage, M. (2021). Identifying and exploiting the weaknesses of the white supremacist movement. Brookings.  https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Identifying-and-exploiting-the-weaknesses-of-the-white-supremacist-movement.pdf Congress Report (2020). Confronting violent white supremacy: White supremacy in blue. The infiltration of local police departments. Report of the House Oversight and Reform Committee. https://www.congress.gov/event/116th-congress/house-event/LC65641/text?s=1&r=1 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (2019). Confronting violent white supremacy: Examining the Biden’s administration’s counterterrorism strategy. Author.  https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/testimonies/witnesses/attachments/2022/08/11/2021.09.29_testimony_brad_wiegmann_timothy_langan_re_white_supremacy.pdf Mulligan, K., Steele, B., & Clark, S. (2021). A national policy blueprint to end white supremacy violence. American Progress.  https://www.americanprogress.org/article/national-policy-blueprint-end-white-supremacist-violence/ Perrigo, B. (2020). White supremacist groups are recruiting with help from Coronavirus and a popular messaging app. Time Magazine.  https://time.com/5817665/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-white-supremacist-groups/ . Smith, A. (2019). Feminist Theory Reader (5th ed.). Routledge. https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/adl-report-funding-hate-how-white-supremacists-raise-their-money.pdf Anti-Defamation

hile " resurgence of support for the Klan was manifest in the surprising popularity in the early 1990s of David Duke in Louisiana, actual membership in Klan organizations is estimated to be in the low thousands (Unknown)." The "Ku Klux Klan still exists and holds power today. They are responsible for many attacks and killings of blacks, immigrants, Jews and Catholics (www.learntoquestion.com/vclass/seevak/groups/2001/sites/dees/back)."
Conclusion

hen the Ku Klux Klan was originally organized, and in the 1920s, it had a major influence on politics in the United States. However, over the years the political climate in the United States has changed and membership in the Klan has declined, diminishing the KKK's political power today.

orks Cited

Background: Ku Klux Klan. (accessed 03 May, 2005). www.learntoquestion.com/vclass/seevak/groups/2001/sites/dees/back...).

Klein, Anne. "Unmasking the Oregon Klansman: The Ku Klux Klan in Astoria 1921-1925." (accessed 03 May, 2005). ).

Lynching. (accessed 03 May, 2005). www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlynching.htm).

Unknown. "Ku Klux Klan." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.…...

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Works Cited

Background: Ku Klux Klan. (accessed 03 May, 2005). www.learntoquestion.com/vclass/seevak/groups/2001/sites/dees/back...).

Klein, Anne. "Unmasking the Oregon Klansman: The Ku Klux Klan in Astoria 1921-1925." (accessed 03 May, 2005). ).

Lynching. (accessed 03 May, 2005). www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAlynching.htm).

Unknown. "Ku Klux Klan." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. (2005): 24 February.

White Too Long ook ReviewJones argues in his book White Too Long that the problem of white supremacy in American Christianity centers on the fact that white churches focus mainly on their own safety and security, protecting their own safe spaces, within the context of a larger and wider system of social, economic and political inequality. In other words, white churches care more about white power and white supremacy than they do about loving their neighborespecially their African American neighbor, who remains marginalized and oppressed in American society. As Jones states, I think the fact that white churches produced such a strong sense of safety and security for those of us who were inside the institution is why it is so hard for white Christians to see the harm it did to those who were outside it, particularly African Americans, and the other kinds of damage it did to us,…...

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BibliographyJones, Robert P. White Too Long: The Legacy of White Supremacy in American Christianity. NY: Simon & Schuster 2020.

.....white fragility, which is considered as a state in which the least amount of racial stress becomes intolerable and provokes a series of defensive actions (DiAngelo, 2011). White fragility is based on the fact that white people in North America are protected and insulated from race-based stress by the social environment they live in. Some of the common defensive actions associated with any amount of racial stress include fear, guilt, silence, avoidance of the stressful situation, anger, and arguments. These defensive actions and behaviors are in turn utilized to reinforce and strengthen white racial equilibrium.
Based on these claims, white fragility is seemingly fueled by white supremacy, which has continued to dominate the North American society in the recent past albeit in a subtle way. While there have been numerous to fight racial prejudice and discrimination in North America, white people seemingly believe that their skin color (Whiteness) gives them privilege…...

difficulty, wealthy white American settlers created and dominated a stable plantation society in which slaves, Indians, and poorer whites accepted the justice of their subordination.
There is sound evidence that slavery had spread through America long before 1776. Like a vile cancer, slavery spread throughout with the early settlers. As they arrived from Europe, white settlers began to push inward. As they moved into vast uncharted territories, they brought along their concept and belief in slavery.

When the American Revolution initiated with the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, slavery was well rooted. Many leaders of the Revolution regarded the elimination of slavery as impossible. The American slaveholders had effectively protected their beloved institution.

Laws were enacted that reinforced slavery as an institution. Legal language included, "That all servants imported and brought in this country, by sea or land, who where not Christians in their native county...shall be accounted and…...

Storni, Alfonsina. "You ant Me hite." The Norton Anthology of orld
Vol. F. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Mayard Mac. New York: Norton, 2002. 2124-2125

The poem titled "You ant Me hite" written by Alfonsina Storni explores the issue of women mistreatment by men. The women complain how men expect them to be virgins when they (men ) are not.

Atwood, Margaret and Martin, Valerie.The Handmaid's Tale . Anchor.1998

In this book the author portrays how women are only valued for their fertility and they are allowed access to education in the patriarch society. This work is important to the research since it shows how women were mistreated by being regarded as sex symbols as well as not being allowed access to education.

Staves, Susan. Married omen's Separate Property Rights in England, 1660(1833. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1990.

This work is a recollection of the actual case studies and examples of various property settlements from several literary works.…...

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Works Cited

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Oxford: Heinemann, 1996.

Atwood, Margaret.The Handmaid's Tale . Anchor.1998

Staves, Susan. Married Women's Separate Property Rights in England, 1660(1833. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1990.

Stewart, Maaja A. Domestic Realities and Imperial Fictions: Jane Austen's Novels in Eighteenth-Century Contexts. Athens: U. Of Georgia P, 1993.

Empie
The theme of gende and sexuality is elated to social powe. In Repoducing Empie: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Impeialism in Pueto Rico, Biggs shows how ace, class, gende, and powe ae inteelated and inteconnected. Pueto Rican cultue has been sexualized, and the sexualization of Pueto Rico has been lagely o exclusively the pojection of white Anglo-Saxon Potestant values placed upon a dake-skinned, Catholic populace. The esult has been the conceptualization of an exotic otheness, coupled with a simultaneous fea. Pueto Ricans have been citicized as developing a cultue of povety in the United States, and Pueto Rican families ae blamed.

Regading the theme of gende and sexuality and how it is elated to citizenship and immigation, Biggs shows that white Ameicans have pojected the cultue of povety on Pueto Rico by blaming Pueto Ricans, athe than acknowledging the sociological oots of the poblem that can be taced to Ameican social…...

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references to the Cold War. However, the main gist is related to the theme of global apartheid.

The strengths of this article in relation to the theme is that it is about global apartheid, linked thematically to other analyses thereof. Moreover, this article has a strong sense of time and place, which is important for a reliable and valid historiography. The weakness of the article is that it is not inclusive of gender issues.

Analyze strengths and weaknesses for essay themes, see above each book.

gender and sexuality how is related to citizenship (violence, abuse, immigration)

2. meaning of citizenship in the U.S. Empire (immigration laws change culture)

Second Reconstructions
One of the most dramatic consequences of the Civil ar and Reconstruction was that the South was effectively driven from national power for roughly six decades. Southerners no longer claimed the presidency, wielded much power on the Supreme Court, or made their influence strongly felt in Congress But beginning in the 1930s, the South was able to flex more and more political muscle, and by the 1970s some began to think that American politics and political culture were becoming 'southernized'.u How did this happen and what difference did it make to the development of the South and the United States?

Under segregation most blacks in the U.S. still lived in the South and were employed as sharecroppers, laborers and domestic servants, but the system of segregation and discrimination was also found everywhere in other sections of the country. Certainly virtually nothing was done for civil rights during the Progressive…...

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WORKS CITED

Brinkley, Allen. American History: A Survey, 14th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2012.

Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1995.

Foner, Eric. Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. NY: Knopf, 2005.

Gold, S.D. The Civil Rights Act of 1964. Marshall Cavendish, 2010.

Gender and Jim Crow - Political Activism by Middle Class, African-American omen
Conventional wisdom paints the period between the late 19th century to the 1950s as a time of racial discrimination and violence for African-Americans in the southern states. However, in Gender and Jim Crow, Glenda Gilmore presents an account of how white supremacist politics were also mediated by gender, and how this period of racial discrimination was also marked by political activism on the part of middle class African-American women.

In the early parts of the book, Gilmore illustrates how gender was used as a tool in Jim Crow segregation. hite men in North Carolina, for example, justified white supremacy and disenfranchised black men by raising the specter of the black rapist and appealing for the safety of white women in their homes. This pushed black men into what Gilmore termed a "vortex of silence" (134).

Black women, on the other hand,…...

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Works Cited

Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996

Criminological Event
acism has always been a defining feature of the American criminal justice system, including racial profiling, disparities in arrests convictions and sentencing between minorities and whites, and in the use of the death penalty. acial profiling against blacks, immigrants and minorities has always existed in the American criminal justice system, as has the belief that minorities in general and blacks in particular are always more likely to commit crimes. American society and its legal system were founded on white supremacy going back to the colonial period, and critical race criminology would always consider these historical factors as well as the legal means to counter them. From the 17th Century onward, Black Codes and slave patrols were used to control the black population, and keep them confined to farms and plantations. Blacks did not have the right to trial by jury or to testify against whites, and the law punished…...

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REFERENCES

Capital Punishment (2011). Bureau of Justice Statistics.

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=18

Cooper, S. (2006). "A Closer Look at Racial Profiling" in S.J. Muffler (ed). Racial Profiling: Issues, Data and Analyses. Nova Science Publishers, pp. 25-30.

Garland, D. (2010). Peculiar Institution: America's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition. Harvard University Press.

Louis presented an exhibition of different races as artifacts or curiosities, to demonstrate where civilization had 'come from' in the past, versus the images of civilized 'future.' he designers of the exhibit saw the supposed progress of science and civilization as a series of examples of how whites had successfully born 'the white man's burden.' he exhibit showed the benefits of slavery in educating the African races as well as the eradication of Native Americans as a necessary part of American history. he exhibit also implicitly justified American colonial and imperial ventures in 20th century as examples of the natural progress of superior races, educating and presumably eventually reforming or eradicating inferior races.
Question

he impact of scientific publications on U.S. legal and social policy was largely regressive rather than progressive in terms of eradicating racial tension. Rather than generating enlightenment, science was often to confirm racial prejudices. Scientists classified races…...

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The 1904 Worlds Fair in St. Louis presented an exhibition of different races as artifacts or curiosities, to demonstrate where civilization had 'come from' in the past, versus the images of civilized 'future.' The designers of the exhibit saw the supposed progress of science and civilization as a series of examples of how whites had successfully born 'the white man's burden.' The exhibit showed the benefits of slavery in educating the African races as well as the eradication of Native Americans as a necessary part of American history. The exhibit also implicitly justified American colonial and imperial ventures in 20th century as examples of the natural progress of superior races, educating and presumably eventually reforming or eradicating inferior races.

Question

The impact of scientific publications on U.S. legal and social policy was largely regressive rather than progressive in terms of eradicating racial tension. Rather than generating enlightenment, science was often to confirm racial prejudices. Scientists classified races as possessing certain intrinsic natures or characteristics that were intrinsic to their inborn or genetically inherited temperaments. Darwinism was used to justify racism, as some populations were classified as more primitive than others, based upon arbitrary measures of their skulls, or their skin tone -- certain races were said to be less 'evolved' than other races in terms of their practices and physical development. Defeat at the hands of whites was seen as justified because it exemplified a particular race's inferiority, like the Mexican 'race' at the hands of white Americans. Temperaments were assigned to certain races as well, much like some species of animals supposedly have certain innate temperaments. The overall result was to animalize certain races, and to create divides between entire classes of people.

Namely, the institutions of slavery and Jim Crow that were used to constrain the growth and advancement
of African Americans are today disregarded as being directly relevant to
the fortunes and opportunities of blacks in America. This is both
unrealistic and unethical, with the denial of its lasting impact casting
American racism in an historical light rather than one which is still
present and problematic. It is thus that the social contract today serves
the interests of dominance even as it feigns to have disavowed these
aspects of itself.
A true resolution to the failures of the social contract may only
really occur when the discourse on America's racialist past and the lasting
effects of this on the current fortunes of African Americans is resolved.
In that regard, Mills regards it as largely a fiction that racial
discrimination ended in any meaningful way after the Emancipation
Proclamation; rather, racial prejudice and systematic subjugation continued
overtly well into the 20th century, continuing still today albeit…...

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Works Cited:

Mills, C.W. (2000). Race and the Social Contract Tradition. Social

Identities, 6(4).

Title 1:

The Pernicious Legacy of "Separate but Equal": Plessy v. Ferguson and the Entrenchment of Racial Inequality

Title 2:

The Supreme Court's Abdication of Justice: Plessy v. Ferguson and the Enshrinement of Jim Crow

Title 3:

The Racial Divide Codified: The Enduring Impact of Plessy v. Ferguson on American Society

Title 4:

The Whitewashing of Inequality: Plessy v. Ferguson and the Legalization of Racial Segregation

Title 5:

Separate but Not Equal: The Hypocrisy of Plessy v. Ferguson and its Devastating Consequences

Title 6:

The Sordid Tale of Plessy v. Ferguson: How the Supreme Court Betrayed the Constitution and Uphold Racial Apartheid

Title 7:

The Injustice....

Moral Disobedience: A Catalyst for Societal Transformation

Moral disobedience, the willful violation of established societal rules and expectations based on a belief in their immorality, has long been a powerful force for positive change. Throughout history, individuals and groups have defied unjust laws and norms to challenge the status quo and advance social progress.

Challenging Societal Norms

Moral disobedience inherently challenges societal norms by questioning their legitimacy and exposing their flaws. When individuals refuse to comply with practices they deem harmful or unjust, they break the cycle of passive acceptance and force society to confront the underlying values and assumptions.

For example, the Civil....

The implementation of black codes severely restricted the rights and freedoms of newly freed African Americans after the Civil War. These laws were enacted by Southern states with the intent of maintaining white supremacy and control over the African American population.

Some of the provisions included in the black codes were strict labor contracts that tied African Americans to their former owners, restrictions on where they could live and work, and limitations on their ability to testify in court or serve on juries. In addition, African Americans were also denied the right to vote in many states.

Overall, the black....

Segregation:
After Reconstruction, Southern states began implementing Jim Crow laws that enforced racial segregation in public facilities, transportation, and housing. These laws mandated separate facilities for African Americans and whites, perpetuating the segregation and discrimination that had existed prior to the Civil War. African Americans were denied access to quality education, public services, and even the right to vote, leading to further disenfranchisement and marginalization.

Violence:
In addition to the legal discrimination of Jim Crow laws, African Americans faced widespread violence and intimidation from white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. Lynchings, bombings, and other forms of violence were used....