estern Civilization
Following the Second orld ar, Europe was basically destructed both structurally and economically. The Eastern part of the continent was under the grip of different governments. This went on to show that the countries were having a hard time dealing with their present, thus the future itself looked very dull and unpromising. Europe basically appeared like the shattered continent that was never going to emerge out of the darkness. Even though the prospect of war had been gone from the nation, there were still on and off bombings and medieval crusades in the region. Despite the conditions that Europe was in, it had recovered to quite an extent. After the Second orld ar, the Soviet Union and the United States got in a cold war, this ultimately led to the destruction of the entire Soviet bloc. hat is interesting to note is that while America and Soviet Union were…...

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Works cited

Dinan, Desmond. Ever closer union; an introduction to European integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print.

Gottleib, Anthony. "Log in - The New York Times." 2013. Web. 8 May 2013. .

Unknown. History of European cooperation after 1945. n.d. E-book.

He believed that a collusive relationship between government and industry was harmful to the general population. Smith described the principle of the "invisible hand" in which every individual is being led by an invisible force toward his or her own self good and that interference from government is a hindrance to success (Springer).
While many believe that Smith laid the foundation of modern-day practice, most industrialized nations today are not representative of his laissez-faire leaning, rather they favor mercantilist-type practices. Government intervention is common, including minimum wages, corporate welfare, anti-trust regulation, nationalized industries, welfare programs, subsidy programs for businesses and agricultural products, regulation of market competition, and economic trade barriers in the form of protective tariffs, regulation favoring domestic industry, and many other types of policies (Laissez-faire, Wikipedia).

ibliography

LaHaye L. Mercantilism. http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/Mercantilism.html

Laissez-faire. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire

Mercantilism. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0832738.html

Springer, W. Adam Smith: founder of modern economic theory. http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=40812005...

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Bibliography

LaHaye L. Mercantilism.  http://www.econlib.org/library/enc/Mercantilism.html 

Laissez-faire. Wikipedia.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire 

Mercantilism.  http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0832738.html 

Springer, W. Adam Smith: founder of modern economic theory.  http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=40812005

One very important aspect of their mindset in conquering others was the acceptance of other belief systems. This must have made the transition of the conquered easier than if they acted primarily as brute conformists (adice, 1982).
The omans took time to develop their armies and taught them to use a variety of weaponry as well as gain battle skills usable in various terrains. They organized their military into small units that were very successful in fighting in the mountain areas. They systematically dominated the Etruscans (in the North), the Samnites (central Italy) and then they began to conquer the Greek cities (south of the Bay of Naples). ome's control by 266 BC included the lands of Italy from the North to the most Southern tip. ome's citizens were composed of a highly adaptable society. Their government was both well structured and excellent at negotiations (adice, 1982).

eferences

adice., B. (1982). ome…...

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References

Radice., B. (1982). Rome and Italy: books VI-X of the history of Rome from its foundation. Harmondsworth. New York, N.Y.

Western Civilization
he world has always progressed through those adventurous in spirit that were not afraid to brake barriers, to confront established rules and to keep seeking new territories, be it in the fields of science, religion, law, or the physical world. he period of Renaissance that started and flourished in Italy and then spread throughout the rest of the continent changed world views and challenged the traditional at every level. Although the Middle Ages are not considered as a period of complete regress compared to the Classic times in Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, it still remains as a period when religion played the major role in the conduct of people's lives. he study of classics entered a period of hibernation until scholars revived them and thus gave a jump start to Renaissance.

Economic and political reasons contributed to the success of the first artists and scholars who found support…...

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Those faring men and women who embraced the age of reformation as the opportunity for them to make a step forward helped the Western Civilization move forward and not remain stuck in traditional views and customs that were not adapting to their times. Magellan never touched the American soil and yet, Columbus did not know that he had reached a New World, but their voyages were the fruit of their belief that the world was different than their ancestors had thought it to be. They were intelligent and open to new ideas so that those like Paolo Toscanelli found in them pople who believed he might be right when drawing his maps.

More, T. Utopia. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001

Caso, a. To America and Around the World: The Logs of Christopher Columbus and of Ferdinand Magellan. Branden Books, 2001

The propaganda succeeded in "turning black into white," for instance when depicting Trotsky, a revolutionary hero, as a traitor to his country.
The dogs (Jessie and luebells' pups) are Orwell's Animal Farm correspondent of the secret Russian police, the NKVD (later to become KG) led by People's Commissar Lavrenty Pavlovich eria. Same as the dogs in the book, the NKVD had the role of oppressing the people, summarily dealing with so called traitors (in fact rivals or inconvenient persons) and protecting Stalin.

Moses represents Orwell's opinion on religion. The religion is used keep people hopeful and productive, and is as a consequence a tool. After the revolution the communists tried to banish religion from people lives, as Moses leaves after the rebellion, but they where never completely successful. In the book, the pigs end up using religion (Moses) as a tool themselves.

oxer the horse represents the loyal if not so bright…...

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Bibliography

Orwell, G. Animal Farm, on Internet at www.online-literature.com/orwell/animalfarm /  http://www.online-literature.com/orwell/animalfarm/ 

Narodnyi Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del: People's Comissariat of Internal Affaires

However, despite this revival of intellect, many European towns use lead pipes in the early fifteenth century. Centuries beforehand, this lesson was learned the hard way by the Romans who stayed away from the poisonous metal. As the nasty affects of lead poisoning slowly became associated with the lead pipes, many European towns turned to using iron pipes to irrigate their water. This was actual one of the most obvious staples of the Renaissance -- the re-assimilation of Greek and Latin knowledge and roots. Classical ideas of art, philosophy, and science re-entered the European mind frame.
With this came many scientific improvements to the accessing and controlling of water supplies throughout the European countryside. As the Black Plague swept through the cities and towns of Europe, many began to understand such diseases were associated with the general sanitation and cleanliness of local water supplies. In fact, Europe's main sources of…...

As compared to polytheism, monotheism which is practiced by Christians, Muslims, Jews and other monotheistic religious denominations, has virtually taken over as the primary religious belief system in today's modern world. For Muslims who practice Islam, the only god is Allah which is comparable with the biblical Jehovah, but for all those who practice some form of monotheism, there is only one true God which forms the foundation and creates the inspiration of all monotheistic world religions.

For most of western civilization, the Holy ible serves as the foundation for modern monotheistic Christianity and for some portions of Islam. iblically speaking, God/Jehovah is the source of all life and is pure spirit, meaning that He is without physical form or presence. Thus, the biblical God is transcendent or unlimited related to time and space; he is eternal, timeless, ever-present, all-knowing and all-powerful, similar in some ways to the ancient Greek god…...

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Bibliography

Nosotro, Rita. "Monotheism and Polytheism." 2008. Internet. Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/cot/t0w03monopolytheism.htm.

Wiesner, Merry E., Julius Ruff and William B. Wheeler. Discovering the Western Past.

New York: Houghton-Mifflin School Publishing, 1989.

9. The conflict between Gregory VII and Henry IV is referred to as the Investiture Controversy. The 11th century dispute between the Pope and the Holy oman Emperor was centered on who would have the right to appoint church officials i.e. investiture. The stake of this conflict was of course, money in the form of simony i.e. The sale of Church offices, as well as the amount of money that was associated with a high rank within the church. Moreover, secular rulers were interested in appointing a loyal bishop or abbot because the latter were part of the secular governments. The consequences were disastrous for Germany which was dragged into a civil war that lasted almost half a century. The triumph belonged to the great dukes and abbots and was followed by the disintegration of the Holy oman Empire. Furthermore, a consensus was reached in the sense that investiture was…...

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References

Blumenthal, Uta-Renate. The Investiture Controversy. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988: 106-134.

Erman, Adolf. A Handbook of Egyptian Religion. Trans a.S. Griffith. London: Archibald Constable, 1907: 5-38.

Hansen, Mogens Herman. "City States in World History" in Polis. Oxford University Press, 2006: 4-28.

Jacobs, Louis. "Introduction" in the Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995: 3-9.

As a result of the Glorious evolution of 1688, James II was deposed, and William of Orange was invited to become king on condition that he agreed to a new Bill of ights and a Constitutional Agreement with Parliament. By contrast, France's political absolutism was centered on strengthening the power of the French kings, and weakening that of the nobles. It was established and consolidated during the reign of Louis XIV who weakened the General Assembly of France and proclaimed himself head of the government.
10. Between the 15th and the 18th century, witchcraft was treated as heresy, and the ones found guilty of it were sentenced to death by the Inquisition. Pope John XXII formalized the persecution of witchcraft in 1320 when he authorized the Inquisition to prosecute sorcery. There were no trials, and the Church was not concerned whether the accusations were alleged or real. King James I…...

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Rickaby, Joseph. "Scholasticism" New York: Dodge Publishing Company, 1908. http://www2.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/scholas1.htm

The Black Death." History of Western Civilization  http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/plague/ 

Lecture 3: The Protestant Reformation." The History Guide.  http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/lecture3c.html

Western Civilization
Between the Reformation and Scientific Revolution, it is evident that the latter had greater impact in destabilizing the strong hold of the Church over 16th-17th century Western society. Prior to the emergence of the Reformation, the Church was the dominant religious and political authority in the West. The clergy assumed the roles of both political and religious leaders, influencing the way society conduct their everyday lives. The Church may have dominated society socially and politically, but there are certain mandatory practices that other people in the society may consider unjustifiable. Martin Luther was one of those people who have contended against a specific Christian practice, which is the sale of papal indulgences. His protest against this 'latent form of corruption' spurred the early beginnings of the Reformation. The Reformation as a religious revolution led to the independence of Western society politically and socially from the leaders of the Church.…...

The decision to intervene in Latin American revolutions however brought internal conflict to the Concert, with Britain refusing to take part. The premise was that Britain's trade and profit from the panish would be lost with the end of the rebellion.
6. The Revolutions of 1848 took place throughout Europe as a result of cumulative political and economic issues. The economy was experiencing a downturn in concomitance with the historical and current abuse of political power by leaderships. As such, the general issues behind the Revolutions were basically uniform for all the countries involved, although they may have taken different forms in the individual countries. The response to the revolutions was suppression and elimination. They therefore did not last long. The main reason for this failure was the internal conflict experienced by revolutionaries. This disunity weakened the revolutionary force and led to its ultimate demise.

7. In the unification process, Count…...

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Sources

Age-of-the-sage.org. (2008). Adam Smith Wealth of Nations.  http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/philosophy/wealth_nations.html 

BBC (2006). The Irish Question: Episode 62  http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_62.shtml 

Biography Resource Center. (2001). Napoleon's Coronation. http://www.lasvegasnapoleon.com/napoleon.html

Brians, Paul. (2000, May 18). The Enlightenment.  http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html

Western Civilization
From Prehistory to the Renaissance

Early Civilizations

What do historians mean by "pre-history?" What was life like for early humans during these years?

There are many things that we as citizens of the modern world take for granted. First among these is probably the enormous amount of recorded information that we have at our fingertips. Everything from our purchases, to our places of employment, to the times and places of our births and deaths are stored either on paper or on computer. And there is much more too - countless novels, and films, and compact discs preserve, each in its own way, a bit of our thoughts and dreams, our expectations and aspirations. But there was once a time when this was not so; a time in the remote past before human beings had any way of recording events and thoughts and memories for future generations or even for sharing among their…...

Western Civilization
Prosperity in England during the 12th and 13th centuries was illustrated by the success of feudalism and continuous proliferation of barons, members of the commercial bourgeoisie, as they aspired to not only hold economic, but political power as well. Under the leadership of Henry III, the barons achieved both economic and political privileges. However, the bourgeoisie's attempts to usurp power from the reigning king led to the development of measures that secures the king's leadership and limit the economic and political powers of the barons. Thus, when Edward I became king, he restored and strengthened monarchial power, while at the same time creating the Parliament, giving the king control of the country's taxation system and the formulation of laws.

Under Edward I's leadership, the Parliament was created in order to give monarchial control over taxation and formulation of statutes. The formulation of the Parliament is largely a measure taken by…...

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Bibliography

Preston, P.W. (1996). Development Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell.

Westby, D. (1991). The Growth of Sociological Theory. NY: Prentice-Hall.

Clergy swore loyalty to the state. The Constitution also vowed to improve education (Halsall, 1998).
The Constitution was favorable to Napoleon because it gave him the legal authority to control the central government and authority over the French provinces. But the freedoms given to the common people proved tenuous, as in 1800 Napoleon prohibited unrestricted speech and freedom of the press as well as free elections when he declared himself emperor. In 1804, Napoleon instituted his most famous piece of legislation, the Napoleonic Code, which gave all Frenchmen equality under the law and property rights, abolished privileges given by birth, and created the civil service system. This Code replaced the earlier Constitution as Napoleon was now emperor. However, although the Constitution and the subsequent Code set the legally egalitarian, socially bourgeois, and administratively bureaucratic tone of all later French life subsequently, Napoleon mainly used French law to garner popular good…...

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Works Cited

Halsall, Paul. "Class 14: Napoleon and Romanticism." Modern Western Civilization.

1998.17 Mar 2007.  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/lect/mod14.html

British politics were filled with the "Irish Question" in the early 20th century. First, several home rule bills were introduced by Liberals in parliament, and the question dominated the political field for literally decades. The Irish and English could not agree, and Ireland continued under British dominance for so long, the people became increasingly angry and violent about their lack of freedom and self-government. It seemed as if nothing else took up as much time in the political arena, and caused as much contention. The situation was put on hold during World War I, but uprisings like the Easter Uprising in 1916 indicated the situation would not wait. Ireland went through a Civil War in 1921. Northern Ireland, the Protestant area, is still under British rule, so the problem still exists in some form. Gladstone could not solve the problem, although he tried, and it lasted longer than many politicians…...

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References

Spielvogel. Jackson J. Western Civilization. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company, 1997.

1. The Fall of Rome: A Multifaceted Collapse

This title captures the complexities of Rome's downfall, suggesting that it was not a singular event but rather a series of contributing factors.

2. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Lessons from History

This title highlights the historical significance of Rome's fall and its relevance to understanding other societal collapses.

3. Unraveling the Threads of Empire: The Causes of Rome's Demise

This title employs a metaphor to depict the intricate factors that led to the dissolution of the Roman Empire.

4. The End of an Era: Exploring the Collapse of Roman Civilization

This title focuses on the....

Sparta's Enduring Legacy: Impacts on Modern Greece

Introduction:
Sparta, renowned for its formidable military prowess and austere society, has left an enduring legacy that continues to shape modern Greece. This essay will explore the multifaceted impacts of Sparta's heritage on various aspects of Greek society, culture, and thought.

Political and Military Legacy:
Sparta's warrior culture and renowned Spartan hoplites (heavily armed infantrymen) heavily influenced Greek military strategy and tactics. The Spartan oligarchy, based on a dual monarchy and a council of elders, served as a model for some later Greek city-states. Modern Greece's military values and emphasis on discipline can be traced back to....

In conclusion, Plato's philosophy continues to exert a profound influence on modern thought across various domains. His ideas on knowledge and reality have shaped epistemology, influencing theories such as rationalism and empiricism. His ethical principles, emphasizing virtue and the pursuit of wisdom, have guided moral philosophy and the development of ethical frameworks. Moreover, his political philosophy, advocating for an ideal state governed by reason and justice, has inspired discussions on political theory and the role of government. Plato's concept of the soul, with its immortal and rational nature, has influenced religious and spiritual beliefs, fostering inquiry into the nature of....