Introduction
In the contemporary, the world is experiencing an oil crisis. For almost three years now, the oil price has declined by more than 40 percent since 2014. At that point in time, the price of a barrel stood at $115, considerably deteriorating as it presently stands at $50. The oil price is comparatively determined by actual supply and demand and relatively by expectation. In particular, demand for oil is closely associated to economic activity whereas supply can be influenced by different aspects such as geo-political issues and also regional weather. Notably, if oil producers have the perception that price is remaining high, they make an investment, subsequent to which a lag increases supply. In the same manner, low prices give rise to a scarcity in investment. Moreover, the decisions by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) fashion expectations. This is in the sense that if the organization limits…...
Many of the people Low interviews cite security as the primary concern for moving to such communities (Low 2003, pp. 111-31). Theft is the most commonly cited specific worry, but general misgivings concerning the perceived higher rates of criminality in the world today (regardless of their basis in actual social facts) are also contributing factors to the growing numbers of people flocking into these communities that are seen as being more protected (Low 2003).
A fear that is somewhat less openly acknowledged is the fear of others, which also receives an entire chapter in the book (Low 2003, pp. 133-52). Some areas have actually seen an increase in the level of voluntary segregation in housing; as the culture grows more and more diverse, people actually seem to be flocking to tighter communities of people perceived as the same in terms of color, language, and culture (Low 2003). The feeling of…...
mlaReferences
Low, S. (2003). Behind the gates. New York: Routledge.
Sharman, R. (2006). Tenants of East Harlem. Berkeley: University of California press.
West African States to Employ a Single Currency as Demonstated in the Euro Zone
Potential for the West African States to Employ a Single Currency as Demonstrated in the Euro Zone
In ancient era, West Africa was known to conduct business activities and trade amongst them. The trade was among the empires within the region. The system of trade was mainly barter trade. This type of trade was based on exchange of goods for goods. The true value of the exchange was difficult to determine to the extent that some goods were undervalued in the process of exchange. Empires exchanged food crops, animal products, artistic materials, and other trade items. The trade in the region enabled the development of empires that grew even stronger. In the contemporary world, the paper and coin era emerged. States introduced their own currencies that are usually measured in relation to the American dollar. States formed…...
mlaResources
The study required planning for the pre-test process in trying to determine the effectiveness of the designed questionnaire. The interviewers underwent training, which required extra resources to oversee. Implementation of the overall plan of the research required extra amount of money in excess of the estimated $67,000. This was required to help motivate respondents into participating in the study out of good will. Interviews organized in relation to the Chief Executive Officers also required special resources to implement during the study. The initial allocation for interviews was $560. This extra amount caused strains to the existing resources available for the research.
Bibliographies
ADEBAJO, A. 2004. West Africa's security challenges: building peace in a troubled region.
Boulder [u.a.], Lynne Rienner.
Faulkner and Literature
The idea of entrepreneurship seems to many of us intrinsically estern, bound up in all those ideas of Adam Smith's about how work redeems people as good (white) Christians and helps them to claim their proper role in the universe. (hich is not exactly what Smith originally said, which we will get to in a moment.) But in fact the spirit of entrepreneurialism is as universal as human society. Across the globe there are those who take on both the responsibility and the risk for starting or running a business - and do so with the belief (or at least the expectation) that they can make a profit by doing so. This paper examines the differences, and the continuities, between two groups of entrepreneurs, those working in west Africa and those working in Harlem.
hile there are some distinct differences between these two subgroups, there are also overriding and…...
mlaWorks Cited
Lee, Jennifer. "Cultural Brokers: Race-Based Hiring in inner-city Neighborhoods." American Behavioral Scientist 41 (7), April 1998: 927-937.
Moss, M.L. "Harlem's Economic Paradox." The New York Times, 1995, Dec. 13.
Portes, Alejandro and Saskia Sassen-Koob. "Making it Underground: Comparative Material on the Informal Sector in Western Market Economies." American Journal of Sociology 93 (1), July 1987: 30-61.
Rauch, J.E. 1996 "Trade and Networks: An Application to Minority Retail Entrepreneuership." New York: Sage, 1996.
est African Kingdoms
Ghana, Mali, Songhay
The discovery of the New orld opened new markets for European colonizers, as well as new sources wealth. In the Americas, the rich and abundant land meant much wealth could be generated through industries such as agriculture. The only missing factor was a cheap source of labor in order to clear and farm the land.
For this purpose, European colonizers turned to Africa. The kingdoms of Mali and Ghana were particular sources of slaves, since those kingdoms already had a system of slavery in place.
This paper examines the cultural and political history of the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay. From this study, the paper seeks to shed light on how the system of slavery in these kingdoms differed significantly from the system of slavery in the Americas. Furthermore, the paper looks at how the African slaves sought to preserve their African heritage, despite the different system…...
mlaWorks Cited
Davidson, Basil. Africa in History. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1981.
Der, Benedict. The Slave Trade in Northern Ghana. Ghana: Woeli Publishing Services, 1998.
Harris, Joseph E. Africans and Their History.
New York: Penguin, 1998.
lessons learnt thirteenth century Mali (est African) life culture Sundiata? How epic read a manual rule,
The Virtues of Sundiata
D.T. Niane's Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali offers a significant amount of information about life in 13th century est Africa, particular that which pertains to the culture of the Mali people. Since this historical novel details the rise to power and the exploits of Sundiata, who is widely credited with engendering and bringing to prominence the Mali people, it gives readers a candid look at the daily life and customs of these people during the time directly preceding and including that of Sundiata's life. Sundiata himself was an exemplary ruler, and displays many characteristics that are worthy of emulation and demonstrative of an ideal way for rulers to govern.
The reader learns a number of salient aspects of the culture of the Mali people while perusing this novel. One of the…...
mlaWorks Cited
Niane, D.T. Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 1965. Web. http://clio.missouristate.edu/jabidogun/niane1965.pdf
The Effects of Mansa Musa and His Hajj in 1324-1325Mansa Musa was Malis ruler from 1312 CE to 1337 CE, during whose reign, Mali was one of the richest African regions. To date, he is still considered as one of the richest persons on the face of Earth even when compared to current times wealthiest people on the planet. The following paper aims at assessing the strength of sources used for the research proposal that highlighted the effects of Mansa Musas pilgrimage and his wealth in 1324-1325.Part 1The research paper aims to analyze four primary and two secondary sources used for the research proposal. The sources strengths and weaknesses would be evaluated so that the research could be viewed as reliable and authentic. The thesis is about Mansa Musas role during hi Hajj in 1324-1325 that had lasting effects on Islams spread. It opened doorways to European trade connections, and…...
mlaBibliography
Al-Umari. Kingdom of Mali Primary Sources: Primary Source Documents. 1981.
Batuta, Ibn e. Ibn e Batuta travels to Mali. 1352.
Cartwright, Mark. Mansa Musa I. February 26, 2019. (accessed April 1, 2021).https://www.ancient.eu/Mansa_Musa_I/
Art History: Monuments, Masks
The temple complex at Angkor Wat in Cambodia is an excellent example of non-western monumental architecture. What is interesting about Angkor Wat specifically is that its motivation for being built was religious, but it survived a change in religious regime: it was built as a Hindu temple complex, but then later repurposed for Buddhism. Consequently Angkor Wat's meaning has become national rather than religion: it is depicted on the Cambodian national flag, and probably makes a better tourist attraction than Pol Pot's killing fields. However its centrality in Cambodian national representation suggests the chief reason why it was built: not for the glory of the religious figures worshipped there, but for the glory of its patrons.
ikewise the Aztec Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan is a grand religious monument. Unlike Angkor Wat, the Aztec monument is in serious disrepair, but it was originally built for the purposes of large-scale…...
mlaLikewise the Aztec Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan is a grand religious monument. Unlike Angkor Wat, the Aztec monument is in serious disrepair, but it was originally built for the purposes of large-scale human sacrifice, followed by anthropophagy. None of this is still in evidence today: tourists to present-day Mexico City do not get to see daily re-enactments of still-beating hearts ripped from the chests of sacrificial victims with obsidian knives. The reason for the monument has been posited that the Aztec culture had limited access to protein, with no domesticable livestock save dogs and turkeys: therefore cannibalism seemed the most reasonable option for dietary protein. However, the Templo Mayor demonstrates that sometimes non-western cultures can build monuments to things that any reasonable twenty-first century person (western or non-western) can find repellent. The Aztec temple seems mostly a monument to justify a truly horrific basis of society by calling it the will of bloodthirsty gods.
In some sense, a work like Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial is not entirely unlike the Aztec Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan -- both did have a fondness for reflective black obsidian after all, but more to the point both are in some way intended to justify grotesque acts of state-sponsored bloodshed. There is no need to indulge in the moral casuistry which asks if U.S. atrocities in Vietnam would have been better or worse if the American soldiers had behaved like Aztecs and eaten their victims afterward. The real point is that large-scale state-sanctioned murder of anyone represents a form of societal trauma, and the artwork steps into the breach to explain it. Angkor Wat has no such justification to perform: instead the two religions that were celebrated on its precincts (Hinduism and Buddhism) preach the essential unreality and misery of all human existence, such that Aztec cannibalism or napalming civilians becomes merely one more colorful patch on the veil of Maya, one more misery of the cycle of samsara that will one day be escaped.
The sixteenth-century ivory pendant mask, made by the Benin empire of Nigeria, is in the permanent collection of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art (Met. 1978.412.323). It is unusual in terms of general African mask-making tradition for a number of reasons. It is made of ivory. It is not a mask to be worn over the face but as a pendant, hanging from around the neck. It is also intended, in the conjectures of historians, to be a specific portrait of a real person, the mother of the Benin emperor. As a depiction of a historical person, and a woman, it is therefore somewhat unusual. The Benin empire was located in present-day Nigeria. Pendant masks are worn today in "annual ceremonies of spiritual renewal and purification" but the actual purpose
Inspiration Towards Choosing Medicine and Becoming a Physician
In the year 2014, the month of February the world woke to a shocking revelation of an outbreak of Ebola in parts of Africa, West Africa in particular. The WHO confirmed t he pandemic and wooed the world, governments, nations and individuals to helping putting together help of whatever form towards helping this part of the world from the pandemic. The news literally took over the news headlines, the blogs online, the websites and all tabloids and even radio were all a buzz with the sad news of the Ebola outbreak. The speed at which is spread at the devastating effects were of apocalyptic proportions.
The CDC activated the Emergency Operations Center meant to directly deal with the Ebola catastrophe, this center was specifically meant to coordinate the technical assistance and control the activities with other agencies of the US government, the world health…...
mlaReferences
CDC, (2016). 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Retrieved May 18, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/
Worldwide, the distribution pattern of WNV is mainly found in the northern, eastern and southern regions of Africa, parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. On a global scale, mortality rate of diseases caused by WNV human infection could range from 2.4% to as high as 47% (Bourne, 2011). In the United States, CDC reports its latest (2011) data showing that there have been a total of 432 WNV infections reported as of October 2011. Sixty-seven percent of this reported human infections are neuroinvasive cases (encephalitis / meningitis), while about 5% resulted to death. Across states, California has the most number of cases of WNV human infection at 87 cases (20%), followed by Mississippi as far second (46 cases, or 11% of total reported cases). The prevalence of WNV human infection in these states reflects the virus' characteristic as thriving in tropical / temperate regions. CDC has not…...
mlaReferences
Bourne, D. (2011). "West Nile Virus Disease." Available at: http://usgs.wildlifeinformation.org/List_Vols/westnile/Disease_WNVInfection/04WNVMortality.html
"Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention and Control." (2003). Center for Disease Control (CDC) Website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf#page=47
Mostashari, F., Bunning, M. And Kitsutani, P. (1999). "Epidemic West Nile Encephalitis: Results of a household-based seroseroepidemiological survey." In Lancet 2001; 358. Center for Disease Control Website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount11_detailed.htm
French Colonization of Senegal and West Africa from 1830-1900IntroductionThe French colonization of Senegal and other parts of West Africa from 1830 to 1900 had a significant impact on the region\\\'s history and development. One of the most controversial aspects of this period was the practice of slavery, which was widespread in Senegal and other parts of West Africa at the time. While the French authorities initially tolerated and even participated in the slave trade, there was growing pressure from anti-slavery activists and the wider international community to abolish the institution of slavery. In 1848, the French government finally abolished slavery in all its colonies, including Senegal. However, the abolition did not immediately end the practice of slavery, and its effects on the region were muted by the continued practices of pillaging, kidnapping, and slavery by the local peoples. In this context, this paper will explore in what ways French actions…...
mlaBibliographyANS (National Archive of Senegal, Dakar), Dossier 13G-103: 84, Correspondence of the Commandant of Dagana to the Governor of Senegal, 1866-1868, item 84, Martin, Commandant of Dagana, to the Governor of Senegal, Dagana, October 11, 1868.ANS 13G-102: 31 (National Archives of Senegal, Dakar, Dossier 13G-102, Correspondence of the Chief of Post of Dagana, 1864-1865, item 31), June 17, 1864), Jauriguiberry, Commandant of the Cercle of Dagana, to the Governor of Senegal.ANS 13G-102: 20 (National Archives of Senegal, Dakar, Dossier 13G-102, Correspondence of the Chief of Post of Dagana, 1864-1865, item 20), March 30, 1864. ANS 13G-103: 59 (National Archive of Senegal, Dakar, dossier 13G-103, Correspondence of the Commandant of Dagana to the Governor of Senegal, item 59), Martin, Commandant of Dagana, to Governor, January 14, 1868.Emancipation decree of April 17, 1848. Center for Overseas Archives, Aix-en-Provence, France: Ministerial Archives, Geographical Series: Senegal. Indigenous Politics of the Senegal River, 1854-1879.Getz, Trevor. Slavery and Reform in West Africa. Ohio University Press, 2004.Letter: Governor Valière to Minister, “Envoi de la délibération du Conseil d’Administration pourtant solution de diverses questions relatives à la situation de la Colonie,” Saint-Louis, August 14, 1870) (CAOM FM SG SEN/I/56)
This can be traced to the conservative view that lacks have in fact no real history in comparison to the richness and significance of European history. "As astonishing as it seems most of the prestigious academics and universities in Europe and America have ridiculed the idea that blacks have any substantive history."
This derogatory view has its roots as well in the colonial attitude that tended to see all lack people as inferior in status and 'ignorant' in order to justify the intrusion and invasion of their lands and territories.
In other words, the justification for conquest and what was in reality the theft of African land and wealth was provided to a great extent by the ' rewriting' of iblical texts. lacks were cast as 'heathen' people who had not achieved the enlightenment that the white group had attained through the ible and Christianity and therefore lacks were seen as…...
mlaBibliography
"African Heritage: The Original African Heritage Study Bible," (accessed September 20, 2010).http://kenanderson.net/bible/html/african_heritage.html
BibleGateway, Genesis 2:10- 14,
(accessed September 20, 2010).http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+2%3A10-14&version=NIV
"BLACK HEBREW ISRAELITES," (accessed September 20, 2010).http://www.angelfire.com/sd/occultic/hebrew.html ,
Post-Colonial Africa
As anyone that knows history understands full well, the history of Africa has been fairly tumultuous over the years. Just looking over the last half a millennium reveals a very turbulent stretch of time that is full of slavery, colonialism, escape from said colonialism, genocide, starvation, anarchy and so forth. However, there have also been some good to great things that have happened in Africa and many of them are recent. This report shall look at the totality of post-colonial Africa. Much like the rest of the world, Africa has had to make a lot of adjustments since the imperialism of the French, British and Spanish has fallen away. Africa is far from being the only corner of the world that can say this about itself but Africa has quite obviously been hit harder than most continents and regions and this is especially true over the last half century.
Analysis
As…...
mlaReferences
CDC,. (2015). 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa| Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC. Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2 August 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/
Democracy in the Rough: Long Awaited Congolese Elections. (2015).
Gilbert, E., & Reynolds, J. (2012). Africa in world history. Boston: Pearson.
Rwanda: A History of Genocide. (2015).
Spread of Islam in Africa and Asia Along Trade Routes
The Islam religion spread in Asia and Africa mainly due to trade of such goods as spices, gold, as also due to slaves. The advantages of proximity with the greatly profitable and powerful traders of the Islam religion triggered the conversions of merchants and rulers' into Muslims. Islam spread slowly; it took centuries, but in most places where the conversion took place, people still hold on to the religion (Debrouse). This paper explores the reasons of spread of Islam religion along Asian and African trade routes, particularly centering on the success of Islam in Middle Asia.
Early Trade Connections
Since the era of Muhammad, it has been believed that trade is closely related to the religion as well as its development. Inmecca, the people of the Qurayshtribe were leaders in business. They extended their connections and influence to Syria and Abyssania (Cook 271-273).…...
In the three regional organizations in Africa discussed here, it is important that these entities reaffirm their commitment in joining the war against crime and the fight against terrorist groups; which are an obstacle to the success of Africa's economies (Fulgence, 2015). There is a lot of work cut out for sub-Saharan African countries which are grappling with abject poverty. They have plenty of work to do to attain middle income status in their economies.
The terms of economic cooperation vision would have been trained on food production to fight hunger among populations that are growing fast, reducing poverty levels through a host of economic interventions aimed at reducing unemployment and boosting production. With respect to political cooperation, the organizations in question have plenty of work to do in areas of the rule of law and reduction of abuses against human rights (Fulgence, 2015). Incidence of civil unrest, wars; both internally…...
Certainly! Here are some essay topic ideas related to Barack Obama:
1. Analyzing the major accomplishments and legacy of Barack Obama as President of the United States.
2. Exploring the challenges and obstacles faced by Obama during his presidency and evaluating his responses.
3. Investigating the impact of Obama's healthcare reform, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), on the American healthcare system.
4. Discussing Obama's approach to foreign policy, focusing on significant events such as the Iran nuclear deal or the Paris Climate Agreement.
5. Examining the Obama administration's efforts to address climate change and promote clean energy.
6. Assessing the economic policies and strategies implemented by....
Nonverbal Communication: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Nonverbal communication, often referred to as body language, is a form of expression that conveys messages without the use of words. It includes gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact. Nonverbal communication plays a vital role in human interaction, conveying emotions, attitudes, and intentions. However, its significance and interpretation can vary widely across different cultures. This essay delves into the intricacies of nonverbal communication in various cultures, exploring how cultural factors influence the way people communicate nonverbally and the implications for cross-cultural communication.
1. Greetings:
Greetings set the tone for any interaction and often involve nonverbal cues.....
Topic 1: The Transformative Power of Polyrhythms in West African Music
Explore the intricate polyrhythmic structures found in West African music, analyzing their cultural and social significance.
Discuss how polyrhythms enhance musical expression, communicate cultural narratives, and foster communal bonding.
Examine the interplay between different rhythmic layers, the role of improvisation, and the techniques used to create rhythmic complexity.
Topic 2: The Global Fusion of Reggae and its Socio-Political Impact
Trace the evolution of reggae music from its Jamaican roots to its global dissemination.
Analyze the distinctive elements of reggae, including its rhythmic pulse, lyrical themes, and vocal techniques.
Discuss the....
The rise of the Ghana Kingdom is a pivotal moment in West African history, characterized by its wealth, power, and political organization. Numerous factors played a crucial role in the establishment and expansion of this influential kingdom, shaping its cultural, economic, and social landscape. By examining these factors, we can gain a deeper understanding of the forces that propelled the Ghana Kingdom to prominence and its enduring impact on the region.
One important historical factor that contributed to the rise of the Ghana Kingdom was its strategic location. Situated at the crossroads of major trade routes in West Africa, Ghana became....
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