Weapons of Mass Destruction
Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Century Security Environment

The apparent anti-proliferation approach of the George W. ush Administration to nuclear and other Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) seems to coincide with the perspective of Scott Sagan in The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate, as opposed to the deterrence perspective of his co-author, Kenneth Waltz. Security for major nations is currently under greater threat by the destabilizing effects of terrorism than it is by annihilation through conventional warfare. The Cold-War approach of deterrence is not adequate against enemies who are more concerned with their philosophical endurance than their physical survival. The modern landscape of nuclear arms reduction by major world powers, while many quasi-minor countries scramble to attain nuclear status explicitly underscores the delicate problem of securing safety while upholding widely accepted tenets of Just War Theory.

The Spread of Nuclear Weapons is the work of two very accomplished…...

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Bibliography

1. "Just War Theory." The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Alex Moseley, Ph.D. 2001. 16 Apr. 2003  http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm .

2. Review of: The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate. Helen E. Purkitt. United States Naval Academy. 16 Apr. 2003 http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/1996/autumn/nuc-a96.htm.

3. Sagan, Scott D., and Kenneth N. Waltz. The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate. New York: W.W. Norton, 1995.

Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Next Terror: Assessment of How a Significant Terrorist WMD Attack Might e Conducted by a Non-State Actors Perpetrator and Why They Can't Stage an Attack
Weapons of Mass Destructions (WMD) have considerable effect to the economies of both developed and developing countries. In the modern world, most terror groups have resolved to use Weapons of Mass Destruction to harm their enemies. The entire syndicate comprises state actors and the terror group, which intends to destroy the target country. The state actors have direct links or channels of communication with such attackers, foreign allies, and several residential alliances with almost similar connections to the terror groups. Most of the terror groups lack essential materials that would aid in the making of some of the most dangerous weapons such as nuclear bombs. The various forms of attack involved when using lethal weapons include dispersion, dissemination, and detonation.…...

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Bibliography

Anthony Cordesman, Terrorism Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction, (New

York:

Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002).

Eric Croddy, James Wirtz, Weapons of Mass Destruction, (London: ABC-CLIO, 2005).

MD Annotated
Annotated ebography: eapons of Mass Destruction (MD)

ith the attacks on September 11th, 2001, the United States came face-to-face with the reality that our security strategy is far from impenetrable. To the contrary, the terrorist attacks on the orld Trade Center and the Pentagon, and more recently, the Boston Marathon bombing, proved that we are quite vulnerable to mass casualty events. Perhaps most worrisome is the concern that such an event might be carried out with eapons of Mass Destruction (MD). In light of the alleged cause for the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and continued tensions with North Korea over its nuclear development program, the issue of eapons of Mass Destruction is what the remains in the headlines and in discussions on America's military and defense strategies. Additionally, a wide range of online resources exist with the design of compiling knowledge, presenting information and promoting defense against the…...

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Works Cited:

Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. Archive.  http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/wmd/about.html 

Department of Defense. National Military Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction.  http://www.defense.gov/pdf/nms-cwmd2006.pdf 

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Weapons of Mass Destruction  http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/terrorism/wmd 

Global Security. Weapons of Mass Destruction.  http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/

Richard Butler's; "The Greatest Threat: Iraq, eapons of Mass Destruction, and the Crisis of Global Security." The writer of this paper analyzes the book's content and measures it against the current U.S. foreign policies. There was one source used to complete this paper.
hen the Soviet Union began to dismantle and the Berlin all came down the United States breathed a sigh of relief as it appeared the threat of nuclear war were over. The calm was short lived however when the states went to battle against Saddam the first time as he threatened to destroy the United States with whatever means were needed. Twelve years later the nation is at war with Iraq again, and again it is over the accusation that Saddam Hussein is continuing to produce weapons of mass destruction. Author Richard Butler writes in his book "The Greatest Threat: Iraq, eapons of Mass Destruction, and the…...

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Works Cited

The Greatest Threat: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and the Crisis of Global Security by Richard Butler, James Charles Roy

PublicAffairs; Reprint edition (May 22, 2001)

(ebehn M.) Another example from the 1700's of the use of bacterial agent in war was in the conflict between ussia and Sweden in 1710. There are reports that the ussians used the bodies of plague victim to create an epidemic among the enemy. (HISTOY of BIOLOGICAL WAFAE)
There is also the infamous incident in American history of the intentional infection of the native Indians with smallpox. "An English general, Sir Jeffery Amherst, surreptitiously provided the Indians loyal to the French with blankets infected with smallpox virus. The resulting epidemic decimated the Indians." (HISTOY of BIOLOGICAL WAFAE)

2.3. The modern technological era and weapons of mass destruction.

With the advent of the modern industrial age there was a rapid development of technology. This was also to lead to the equally rapid growth in the development of even more and more destructive and indiscriminate weapons of destruction. The most well-known and widely documented…...

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References

HISTORY of BIOLOGICAL WARFARE. Retrieved 17 February, 2007, at  http://www.gulfwarvets.com/biowar.htm 

History of Epidemics and Plagues (2001) Retrieved 17 February, 2007, at  http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/histepi.htm 

Johnson T.J. A History of Biological Warfare from 300 B.C.E. To the Present.

Retrieved 17 February, 2007, at  http://www.aarc.org/resources/biological/history.asp

By continuing with a "business as usual" attitude, the terrorists would not have a long-term psychological impact on American society, culture and economic development.
hile the long-term psychological impact appears to be the most prominent value that a weapon of mass destruction has for a terrorist, it seems reasonable to argue that these weapons also serve as a means for terrorist groups to have their political voices heard. Terrorist attacks bring to light the activities, beliefs and values of a specific terrorist group. Although many in the U.S. were familiar with Osama bin Laden before 9/11, his implication in the terrorist attacks made him and Al-Qaeda household names. In this context, bin Laden was able to bring to light the organization's hatred of the United States and the organization's political agenda for the entire international community. The publicity gained from terrorist events clearly has value for terrorist groups.

4. Given the…...

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Works Cited

The dynamic terrorist threat." RAND Corporation. [2005]. Accessed October 31, 2007 at  http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/2005/MR1782.pdf .

Thornburgh, Dick. "Balancing civil liberties and homeland security." Albany Law Review, 68(4), (2005): 801-813.

Weapons of mass destruction." Global Focus. [2006]. Accessed October 31, 2007 at http://globalfocus.org/GF-WMDs.htm.

Weapons of Mass Destruction
Nuclear terrorism or weapons of mass destruction (WMD) were labeled as the single most serious threat to the national security of the United States of America by President George W. Bush. When President Barack Obama came into office, he had the same sentiments about the growing terrorism in the Middle East. Our leaders and security experts see terrorist having access to WMD as nightmares when they sleep. The Japanese group Aum Shrinrikyo, Al Qaeda, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Lashkar al Tayyib and Jemmah Islamiya are few of the terrorist groups who have been known to gain access to chemical, biological or nuclear weapons. (Mowatt-Larssen, 2010, 5) Terrorist groups are present to spread terrorism all over the world as the name suggests. However, many would argue that these viscous people are only going to scare the world and not use any of them. However, seeing their statements and actions,…...

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References

Cordesman, Anthony H. 2002. Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Defending the U.S. Homeland. Westport, CT: Praeger

Long, Jerry M. 2008. Strategic Culture, Al-Qaida, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. USAF Academy, Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies

Mowatt-Larssen. 2010. Al Qaeda Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat: Hype or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School

O'Neil, Andrew. 2003. Terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction: how serious is the threat? Australian Journal of International Affairs 57:99 -- 112.

Countermeasures and Neutralization of eapons of Mass Destruction
At this intricate turn of the 21st century, one of the most pertinent issues at hand is that of national and international security. Humanity has come a long way in augmenting the value of life through so many miraculous technologies, but unfortunately man has simultaneously developed certain instruments that are particularly questionable and hence a threat to the life we envision. Today the world all over is ever vulnerable to large-scale attacks conducted via such abominable technologies. These weapons of mass destruction are chemical, nuclear, radiological and even biological agents, which have evolved in the hands of many countries through the years, and their possession by hostile states or terrorist organizations is a grave cause of concern for all those people who claim to support the concept of security. (The hite House 2007) As such countermeasures against prospective threats to security and neutralization…...

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Works Cited

Blackmon, Rebecca. "Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Countermeasures." CBRNC Subgroup, Combatting Terrorism Technology Support Office, 2008.

Defense Threat Reduction Agency. "Basic Research for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction."

Kimery, Anthony. "Government Still Faces Challenges In Developing CBRN Medical Countermeasures." April 20, 2012.

Nuclear Energy Agency. "Short-Term Countermeasures In Case of a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency." Organiation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2003.

There is ample evidence according to some, including CIA Director George Tenet who stated in 2000 Al-Qa'ida was attempting to gain chemicals to use in terrorist activities. There is no question that terrorists seem to have an interest in such weapons. However, while they may make a concerted effort to get these weapons, they may still lack the technology and financial abundance to deploy such weapons on a massive scale. It is not impossible, and it is certainly prudent to be on guard for any plots involving weapons of mass destruction.
The best possible argument one can make based on evidenced gathered by intelligence agencies is that many terrorist groups do have interest in weapons of mass destruction. Many attempt to acquire the raw materials for these weapons. However, there is not proof yet, solid proofs, that terrorist have the ability to use these weapons or deploy them on a…...

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Bibliography

Ackerman, Gary & Bale, Jeffrey M. Al-Qa'ida and Weapons of Mass Destruction. CNS,

Center for Nonproliferation studies, in, Perspectives, San Jose Mercury News, Sunday, Dec. 22, 2002. Available: http://cns.miis.edu/pubx/other/alqwmd.htm.

McCloud, Kimberly & Osbourne, Matthew. WMD Terrorism and Usama Bin Laden.

CNS Reports, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2001. Available:

Weapons of Mass DestructionIntroductionThis paper addresses the methodology, and discusses the findings of the research. It also offers conclusions and recommendations for addressing the problem of WMD prevention. It applies the theoretical perspectives of Taylor and Follett and also looks at the impact of having an ethical framework in place. It concludes with recommendations for establishing an international effort to bring about the collaboration needed to prevent WMD proliferation.MethodologyThe method used to obtain material for this research was to search Google Scholar and other scholarly databases such as JAMA and Elsevier using these keywords: weapons mass destruction prevention, cbrn wmd policy prevention, bioterrorism prevention, and weapons mass destruction prevention capabilities. Keywords were garnered from snowballing keywords used by other researchers and described in their articles. These were searched in the online databases and a variety of literature was selected that fit the criteria for inclusion. Inclusion criteria used for this…...

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References

Anney, V. N. (2014). Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: Looking at trustworthiness criteria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 5(2), 272-281.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Facts About Riot Control Agents.  March 21. Retrieved from  https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/riotcontrol/factsheet.asp 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, March 24). The Food Production  Chain - How Food Gets Contaminated. Retrieved from  https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/outbreaks/investigating-outbreaks/production-chain.html#chain

http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htchem/articles/20060324.aspx
Anthrax

When we think of warfare and terrorist attacks, we tend to think of large destructive pieces of machinery -- nuclear missiles and/or bombs, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and even the still-too-recent memory of massive airplanes being turned from passenger vehicles into weapons. Not all forces of mass death and destruction come in large packages, however. In the years following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, several small, standard envelopes were also used in an attempt at terrorist action. Though these attempts were not successful, they highlight an important part of the battle against terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Biological agents can be delivered in small and hard to catch ways -- via the U.S. mail in what appear to be normal envelopes, for instance -- and if the agent is contagious enough the effects of biological warfare can be completely devastating and almost impossible to control. Blowing…...

Mass Casuality Decontamination
Mass Causality Decontamination

Throughout the past era, worries about possible terrorist acts concerning weapons of mass destruction (WMD) directed Congress and the President to obtain a complete counteract terrorism strategy that was aimed at stopping a chemical, biological, or nuclear attack and improving domestic attentiveness. The organization of choice for national significance management has been the Department of Defense. Of the $1.2 billion taken in the FY 2000 business plan purposely for WMD reply, most of it went to DOW Overreliance on the military for domestic (Wynd, C. 2006) WMD defense, nevertheless, may reduce the military's war combating capacity and holds the potential for breach of individual rights. Given that these attacks are confronting to avoid and may take place anywhere and at any time, mass decontamination is one of the significant factors to controlling the distresses of such an occurrence, saving lives, and limiting the number of injuries.

To…...

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References:

10th european congress of trauma and emergency surgery. (2010). European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 35, 1-1-188. doi:10.1007/s00068-009-8001-z

Cabrera, Suzanne Lobaton, R.N., M.N., & Beaton, Randal D, PhD., E.M.T. (2009). The role of occupational health nurses in terrorist attacks employing radiological dispersal devices. AAOHN Journal, 57(3), 112-112-9; quiz 120-1.

DA-az, G. (2005). Different approaches to the difficult relationship between intelligence and policy: A case study of the cuban missile crisis of 1962 vs. The 2003 war in iraq. UNISCI Discussion Papers, (9), 93-93-126.

Disaster Response: Principles of Preparation and Coordination. (1989). St. Louis: Center of Excellence and Disaster Management.

Weapons Proliferation, simply defined, is the rapid increase or spread of weapons in the context of global security. If we are to measure the weapons capabilities of the world, the United States retains the lion's share: in 2002 the Economist estimated that American military spending would exceed 379 billion in 2003 (Economist, 6/18/2002.) For comparison's sake, Russia, the world's second largest nuclear power, had a total GDP of merely 346.6 billion in 2002 (Economist, 7/22/2003.) However, the "balance of terror" that underscored the cold war era was in many ways much safer than the current situation. Whereas 'weapons proliferation' once referred to the number of weapons in existence, it has taken on a new meaning; it now is usually meant to reflect the number of political entities capable of using weapons of mass destruction. The number of such countries has increased beyond UN Security Council permanent members to include India,…...

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Be Afraid. Economist, September 4th, 2003

Lord Hutton's Eyebrows. Economist, September 4th, 2003

Brecher, Gary. Bezerkers with Red Stars: North Korean Scenarios. The Exile, June 2, 2003.

If there are people, of whatever nationality, who will be found guilty of creating and scattering MD, will be subjected to penalties and/or punishment which will be imposed by the overall leader o the UN itself. More so, countries which will be proven allowing the research and development and eventual use of MD should also be asked to answer from the call of the UN.
The entire populace can also share their efforts to controlling the use of any form of MD, thereby preventing any possibility of massive deaths or environment destruction. People must voice out their concern. The people should be activist enough in letting their leaders know how they want the use of MD to be abolished. The media can play a detrimental role in airing and showing how the people, across all nations, are against any form of MD. Newspapers, magazines, TV programs, radio stations, are good…...

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Works Cited

Collins, Robin, 2005. A step in the right direction: the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction. Ploughshares Monitor

Everett, R 2004. Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction - Radiological, Chemical and Biological. Langford Chichester: John Wiley & Sons

Kalyadin, Alexander 2003. A strategy for active Non-Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Publication: Military Thought

This when the Army must spread out its resources to engage threat WMDs and WMD networks. The concept applies to counterforce operations, sensors, protection, and training.
Leveraging new technologies. Many of the required capabilities presented in the strategy will be possible only through applications of new technology. The Army must leverage these new technologies.

Enhance training. Unit training is currently more flexible and quickly adaptive in comparison with institutional training. but, it often lacks valuable consistency and standardization.

Institutional training content updates, approval, and resourcing it is tied to processes too slow to remain current. Future training will prepare soldiers and leaders to exercise sound judgment in the analysis of data / information, understanding cultural impacts on operations and to act in periods of uncertainty.

These ideas are providing a background for implementing new technology and key strategies for improving the countermeasures and neutralization of WMDs. However, this research is not talking about…...

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References

"Disarmament." UN.   (accessed January 30, 2013)http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/briefing/disarmament/disarmament.pdf 

Michael, Vane, " Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction," U.S. Army,   (accessed January 20, 2013).http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA496736 

Barry, Ezill. "Identifying Factors that Influence Terrorist Decisions." Journal of Homeland Security 1, no. 1, (2012): 1- 15.

Brookes, Peter. A Devil's Triangle. Lantham: Rowman, 2005.

I. Introduction
A. Brief background information on World War 1 and World War 2
B. Thesis statement comparing and contrasting the two wars

II. Causes of World War 1
A. Imperialism
B. Nationalism
C. Militarism
D. Alliances

III. Causes of World War 2
A. Treaty of Versailles
B. Rise of Fascism
C. Appeasement
D. Economic Depression

IV. Major Players in World War 1
A. Allied Powers
B. Central Powers

V. Major Players in World War 2
A. Allied Powers
B. Axis Powers

VI. Military Strategies in World War 1
A. Trench Warfare
B. Use of tanks and airplanes

VII. Military Strategies in World War 2
A.....

The possession and proliferation of nuclear weapons pose a significant threat to global security, and immediate steps must be taken to halt their development and disarm existing arsenals in order to preserve peace and prevent catastrophic consequences. One approach to formulating a strong thesis statement on nuclear weapons could be to focus on the impact of nuclear weapons on international relations and the balance of power. For example, you could explore how the possession of nuclear weapons by certain countries influences their interactions with other states and shapes the dynamics of conflict and cooperation on the global stage. By emphasizing the....

Essay Topic 1: War's Dehumanizing Effects on Individuals and Societies

Explore how Dower's work illuminates the ways in which war strips individuals of their humanity and transforms societies into brutal battlefields.
Examine the psychological, emotional, and moral consequences of prolonged exposure to violence and the cycle of revenge.
Analyze Dower's insights into the dehumanizing tactics employed by both Japanese and American forces, such as the use of atomic bombs and firebombing.

Essay Topic 2: The Interplay of Race, Power, and Identity in Wartime

Discuss Dower's examination of the complex interplay between race, power, and identity during the Pacific War.
Analyze how....