Water Pollution
Water is an important natural resource upon which all the living beings rely for their existence and growth. Nature has blessed the earth with uncountable water resources but usable quantity is limited. Hence, it is important to use water sparingly. The irony is, human activities result is high water pollution which further shortens the water supply for use.

"In an age when man has forgotten his origins and is blind even to his most essential needs for survival, water along with other resources has become the victim of his indifference" (Carson, 2002, p. 39).

Water is considered to be most crucial one among all the world's natural resources. Although it covers the largest part of the earth's surface (70%), yet it is the limiting factor most of the times. This is because most of this water is not available for use in agriculture or for other human needs due to the…...

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References

Carson, R. (2002). Silent Spring. New York: Houghten Mifflin.

Chiras, D.D. (2012). Environmental Science. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Dowdeswell, E. (1996, October). Water. Our planet. Retrieved from  http://www.ourplanet.com/imgversn/83/editoral.html 

Duhigg, C. (2009, September 17). Health Ills Abound as Farm Runoff Fouls Wells. New York Times. Retrieved from  http://www.nytimes.com /2009/09/18/us/18dairy.html

Water Global Human Needs
System Thinking and Transformative Social Systems in Sustainability

It is a fact that above 70% of the surface of the Earth is water. However, the real issue despite the abundance of water is the availability of fresh water (Amanda, 2013). Of the total waters on Earth, 97.5% of this is salty water; this leaves only a 2.5% as fresh water. To add on this deafening fact, of all the fresh water, about 70% of this water remains solid in the Antarctica and Greenland icecaps. Moreover, the residue of the fresh water is at hand as soil moisture or lies in aquifers deep dissident as ground water not reachable for use. Amazingly, less than 1%, amounting to approximately 0.007% of all fresh water is accessible for the direct consumption for human needs. This is the water in fresh water lakes, rivers, reservoirs and tapped shallow underground sources.

The issue at…...

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Reference

Amanda, S. (2013). Global water supply. Mother Earth News, 255. p. 16.

In the absence of proper waste management laws and regulations, as well as poor enforcement of existing waste disposal laws, an increase in the number of manufacturing entities would inevitably increase instances of water pollution. According to Goel (2006), the mere fact that smaller cities report less instances of water pollution than larger cities is a clear indicator of the relationship that exists between population density and water pollution levels. In the final analysis, "population growth and industrialization, both work synergistically to increase the levels of pollution" (Goel, 2006).
With the various issues presented in the text above in mind, prevention remains one of the best and most valid solutions to the problem of water pollution. To begin with, there exists a need to ensure that all toxic chemicals are disposed off in a proper and safe way. Proper treatment of waste material is also another critical preventive measure. The…...

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References

Girard, J. (2009). Principles of Environmental Chemistry (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Goel, P.K. (2006). Water Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Control. New York: New Age International.

McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M. & Yonavjak, L. (2007). Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Miller, G.T. & Spoolman, S. (2008). Environmental Science. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education.

Water Pollution
The vast majority -- over 70% -- of our earth is covered by water. Unfortunately for our thirst, 97.5% of all the water on the planet is salt water. Only 2.5% of the water on planet earth is fresh drinking water. Given that there is such a small percentage of drinkable water on the planet, the resource has become a scarce commodity. Making matters worse is the fact that much of the available drinking water on the planet is becoming polluted -- contaminated by the same people who rely on it to sustain life. There are many sources of water pollution, including untreated human waste from sewage, lack of sanitation, agricultural chemicals, and factory chemical runoff. If nothing is done to prevent these sources of pollution from continuing to contaminate water, waterborne illnesses and infectious disease could become more prevalent. Scarcity could also be an issue, as the amount…...

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References

Walls-Thuma, D. (n.d). How can water pollution affect animals, homes, and health? National Geographic. Retrieved online: http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/can-water-pollution-affect-animals-homes-health-2921.html

Water.org. Website:  http://water.org/ 

"Water Pollution and Plants," (2008). Pollution and Plants. Retrieved online:  http://pollution-plants.blogspot.com/2008/02/water-pollution-and-plants.html 

Wieman, B. (n.d.). How does pollution affect all living things? National Geographic. Retrieved online: http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/pollution-affect-living-things-including-humans-2193.html

Although the Murray-Darling River covers only about 14% of Australia's irrigated land, 50% of Australia's sheep and 25% of Australia's cattle rely on this source. Also, 40% of the nation's rice crop and 80% of its canned fruit product relies on the Murray-Darling River Complex. In all, three-quarters of Australia's water comes from the Murray-Darling River (Hussainy, p. 205).
Of course there are conflicts when so much is at stake. For one, the river carries about 2.5 tons of sale into South Australia "every minute," Hussainy writes. Inflows of saline groundwater are attributable to the problem -- and also, the removal of "native vegetation" and irrigation causes the salt to become a problem. hen the native vegetation is replace with shallow rooted crops, it is bad ecologically. The authors say that "sustainable development ecology should be regarded as part of economics" but the "myopic view of technocrats" views ecology and…...

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Works Cited

Brown, F. Lee. "Water Markets and Traditional Water Values: Merging Commodity and Community Perspectives." Water International Vol. 22 (1997): 2-5.

Global Water Partnership / Technical Advisory Committee. "Integrated Water Resource

Management. TAC Background Papers No. 4.

Gopalakrishnan, Chennat, Tortajada, Cecilia, and Biswas, Asit K. Water Institutions: Policies,

Given water scarcity, the high costs of desalinisation and other unconventional methods of supplying water, and the pollution of surface and ground waters, Israel sought other natural supplies of water from the Litani" (Dolatyar, 2002). The Israeli then invaded Lebanon, but were met with extreme resistance.
1990 - Present - Period of return to bargaining tactic

The fall of the Soviet Union, the Gulf War (1990-1991) and the interference of the United States led to more amiable relationships between the countries of the Middle Eats, which were committed to creating the "New Middle East." Several treaties were signed which were aimed to increase the collaboration and lead to the resolution of impending problems, such as environmental concerns and water resources. "For example, the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan, signed on October 26, 1994, includes five annexes, two of which address water and environmental issues. Negotiations between Israel and Syria have…...

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References

Amery, H.A., Water Wars in the Middle East: A Looming Threat, the Geographical Journal, Volume 168, 2002

Associate Professor at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, Hussein a. Amery holds a BA, an MA and a PhD in geography. Water Wars in the Middle East: A Looming Threat is based on extensive research of the previous works on water issues in the Middle East. It debates on issues such as causes for conflicts and the characteristics of the water shortage in Palestine and Israel.

Dale, W.N., Middle East Water Problems, American Diplomacy, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,   on April 7, 2008http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2001_07-09/dale_water/dale_water.htmllastaccessed 

William N. Dale was a minister-counselor in Tel-Aviv, Israel during 1946-1968, when he got the opportunity to first hand analyze the problems of the Middle East. His findings are formulated in a clear and unbiased way and his American nationality helped look at the isses with an objective eye.

The case of the orld Commission on Dams is a good example of how this tendency to centralize water resource management can be mitigated, if not completely eliminated.
The political reality of the world is that government represents more than just laws and policies, just as management and governance has to be about more than just enacting laws and edicts, but should reflect the values of the community and the interests of the communities that will be summarily affected by those policies. In the case of water resource management, this means that it must be a prerequisite to involve a wider variety of community stakeholders as part of the decision-making process in order to make more "equitable and sustainable use of rivers. But in most countries, the cards are stacked heavily against an inclusive and more balanced process. Patterns of governance for the most part still reflect the utilitarian mind-set…...

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Works Cited

Bates, Sarah F., Getches, David H., MacDonnell, Lawrence J., and Wilkinson, Charles F. Searching out the Headwaters: Change and Rediscovery in Western Water Policy. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993.

Bauer, Carl J. Siren Song: Chilean Water Law as a Model for International Reform. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2004.

Bauer, Carl. "Water Resources Management." A World Bank Policy Paper. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1993.

Briscoe, John, Salas, Pablo Anguita, and Pena, Humberto. "Managing Water as an Economic Resource: Reflections on the Chilean Experience." Environmental Economics Series. Washington, DC: The World Bank, April 1998.

They can also enable countries to become more self-reliant rather than relying on international sources of energy. In these five ways, dams may prove very beneficial to countries utilizing them.
Many cities that build dams take advantage of damns as a resource for tourism and revenues. Because dams often pose a majestic view, and provide the opportunity for recreation in the form of boating and camping, many cities use them as a secondary source of revenue. In this sense dams are positive because they attract commerce in cities that need additional capital or revenues. However, along with these advantages come some disadvantages or problems, discussed below.

Disadvantages

As with anything dams also have many disadvantages. For every five advantages dams provide, five disadvantages may be defined. For example, Qing & Sullivan (1999) note that while dams can stimulate economic growth and provide greater energy and power for a city, they can also…...

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References

EPA. (2006). Safe Water Drinking Act. Environmental Protection Agency, Retrieved October 16th, 2007:  http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sdwa/index.html 

Mayhew, S. (2004). A dictionary of geography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved October 16th, 2005:

 http://www.answers.com/topic/cloud-seeding?cat=technology 

University of Texas. (2005). Water surplus and deficit. UTexas.com. Retrieved October

While these solutions are expensive, and are certainly years away, the City of Lubbock should begin studies now, to ensure a safe and secure water supply for the future. In addition, the city should look at tougher restrictions for new building and landscaping as alternate ways to save water and ensure a consistent water supply for the future. Basing a block billing system on water usage in the winter is simply a route to disaster. The block billing system does not encourage water savings, as the current water emergency clearly indicates. It is not enough to ensure residents have enough water, it is based on faulty calculations, and it has already been overtaken by Stage Four emergency restrictions. It is too little too late and other ways of conserving water must be addressed. It took three years to implement this system, over much controversy and dissent. It seems now…...

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References

Blackburn, E. (2007). New water rates discourage use of high volume. Retrieved from the Lubbock Avalanche Journal Web site:   June 2007.http://lubbockonline.com/stories/022307/loc_022307069.shtml22 

2007). Comprehensive water conservation requirements. Retrieved from the City of Santa Fe Web site:   June 2007.http://santafenm.gov/waterwise/newcompwaterconservreq.pdf22 

Editors. (2007). Water rate information calculation method. Retrieved from the Lubbock Power and Light Web site:   June 2007.http://www.lpandl.com/waterrates.htm22 

Editors. (2007.) Desalination. Retrieved from the General Electric Web site: June 2007.http://www.gewater.com/equipment/membranehousing/desal.jsp22

In contrast, hot water systems are basically used to warm the water through various heating elements before the warm water enters a home.
The advantages of using the city water system is that these systems can serve an entire community more efficiently and their ability to produce water of premium quality. However, the city water systems have several disadvantages such as the possibility of the additives used to affect the taste of the water and inability of individuals to manage the water supply or source. On the contrary, water well has the advantage of enabling community members to manage the water themselves. Nonetheless, the disadvantage of these water systems is that it time consuming and energy consuming to treat the water.

Calculations:

There are some necessary calculations or water supply information that are important to firefighters in the community including the maximum daily consumption, the required gpm flow, and the minimum amount…...

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References:

"Water Demand." (n.d.). Lesson 3 -- Introduction to Water Treatment Math. Retrieved from Mountain Empire Community College website: http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV115/lesson3_2.htm

"What Are the Different Types of Water Systems?" (n.d.). Wise Geek -- Clear Answers to Common Questions. Retrieved July 16, 2012, from  http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-water-systems.htm

Community MappingI am Ember contacting the local Walmart manager Debra to talk to her about the water crisis issues. The number one health risk/hazard in the community is the water problem: the residents are constantly being reminded to boil their water. This is an ongoing problem. Residents have been advised to boil all water for at least one minute before using it for drinking, cooking, or brushing teeth. While boiling water is an effective way to kill bacteria, it is not the only precaution that residents should take. Those with compromised immune systems, young children, and older adults are especially vulnerable to bacterial infections and should take extra care to avoid contaminated water. My priority health risk hazard is this water crisis/boil alert in Jackson and addressing it appropriately.The plan for resolving the communitys health risk priority is to provide an educational intervention (boil water before use). I want to…...

With this information, people can make informed decisions regarding the water they consume. Which additives are healthful? Which are not? These are examples of only some of the questions responsible consumers should have when choosing their water. Regarding the use of plastics, the solution is simple. By simply changing their habits from plastic water bottles to stainless steel or any of the other alternatives, not only is the consumer choosing something that supports of the well-being of the planet, but also supports the well-being of themselves.
This is merely one solution of many meant to work towards a more sustainable lifestyle across the globe. That the consumption of water increased so quickly, all over the world, signifies the impact of advertising on consumer choices. This can be a reason for hope, since just as quickly the use of stainless steel water bottles and clean water can be brought into individual…...

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7. Fluoride Action Network, Health Effects, ( http://www.fluoridealert.org/health ...)

8. Fluoridation/Flouride, Toxic Chemicals in Your Water, ( http://www.holisticmed.com/fluoride/ )

9. Worth Health Organization, Water Related Diseases, ( http://www.who.int/water_sanitation ...)

"Raw water and post-treatment water are tested for bacterial, physical, and chemical standards, particularly pH, color, and turbidity. The Safe Drinking ater Act of 1974 established maximum contaminant levels, which are the national drinking water standards. These apply to any water distribution system that serves at least twenty-five units daily. Standards may vary from state to state, but they cannot be lower than those prescribed by the federal government" (Robson 2010).
"astewater treatment means removing all the contaminants that are found in wastewater. This is a type of water that is composed of wastes found in industries, hospitals, homes, and other establishments that can be found in a particular community…. food scraps, soap, oil, human waste, and chemicals" ("astewater," 2010, All ater purification). In contrast to water that is rendered safe for drinking, wastewater is merely rendered safe for disposal into the environment, to ensure that it does not imbalance…...

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Works Cited

Robson, Mark G. "Water treatment." Encyclopedia of Public Health. January 24, 2010.

 http://www.answers.com/topic/water-treatment 

"Wastewater treatment." All water purification. January 24, 2010.

 http://www.allwaterpurification.com/waste-water-treatment.html

But after local wastewater plants were "...upgraded and farms' management practices were improved, the amount of phosphorus declined and the copper sulfate was no long considered necessary" (Royte, 2007). The Times' story reports that to prevent the dumping of partially treated sewage water into the waterways, septic tanks need to be upgraded and "cleaning the water in sewage treatments plants even more thoroughly before it is discharged into the watershed..." is necessary. That will be quite a job, because "more than two dozen of the roughly 100 wastewater treatment plants that discharge into the city's watershed use a suboptimal cleaning process."
TO: The flooding problem. hy has it become a more serious problem in recent years? Taking New York City as an example of the problem and its roots, the New York Times article alluded to in the previous section points out that recently, as developers began clearing more and…...

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Works Cited

Clausen, Jan. (2000). Northwest Tribes Fight Against Formidable Odds to Save Endangered

Salmon. Nation. 270(3), 22-24.

Gelt, Joe. (2005). Managing the Interconnecting Waters: The Groundwater-Surface Water

Dilemma. University of Arizona. Retrieved Oct. 16, 2007, at  http://cals.arizona.edu/axwater/arroyo/081con.html .

Water Awareness and Education for Sustainable Watershed Management
Today, the human society continuously deals with the issue of limited resources, as compared to an extensively growing amount of needs. Among these limited resources, water is vital, not only because mankind cannot survive without it, but also because it is essential to producing so many other secondary items, including food and clothing. At the same time, water and watersheds are an essential part of the environment, home to numerous species of animals and plants. Conservationism and environmental protection has a definite impact on the existence and evolution of mankind as well.

With that in mind, this project proposal will focus on identifying a set of solutions that the inhabitants in the Medina River Watershed (exar & Medina County TX) can use to address water pollution in this area, as well as the means by which water conservation can be consolidated and promoted as…...

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Bibliography

1. Engel, F.L. (n.d.) Geomorphic Classification of the Lower San Antonio River, Texas. Texas Water Development Board. Project 0604830637. Retrieved on July 12, 2011 from website http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/RWPG/rpgm_rpts/0604830637_LowerSanAntonioRiver.pdf

2. HDR Engineering [HDR] (2000, December). The Edwards Aquifer Watershed Brush Control Planning Assessment & Feasibility Study. Texas State Soil & Water Conservation Board. Retrieved on July 12, 2011 from website http://www.nueces-ra.org/II/brush/

3. Moore, E.A., & Koontz, T.M. (2003). Research Note A Typology of Collaborative Watershed Groups: Citizen-Based, Agency-Based, and Mixed Partnerships. Society & Natural Resources, 16(5), 451. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

4. O'Neill, K.M. (2005). Can Watershed Management Unite Town and Country? Society & Natural Resources, 18(3), 241-253. doi:10.1080/08941920590908097

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We can explain the concept of what punishment is and how it could be tied to not drinking water, as well as explain how you could chart or graph results with a study group that was not drinking water and a control group that was consuming the recommended amount of water.   Unfortunately, you omitted some of the information we would need to write an answer specifically addressing the experiment you appear to be referencing.  

While the concept of a bathing culture may be most strongly associated with the Romans at the time of the Roman Empire, many cultures have placed social, economic, and personal emphasis on bathing in a way that makes the practice as much about culture as it is about hygiene.  Historically, cultures had very different approaches to bathing, with some ancient cultures considering baths dangerous, while others considered them almost sacred.  Even in modern times, cultures take different approaches to the concept of bathing.

You can see the influence of nature on Japanese bathing tradition, which sets it apart....

Congratulations on your entry into grad school. Because of its astounding geography, the Grand Canyon would make a fascinating topic for your master’s thesis.  Hopefully, you will have plenty of opportunities to visit it while you are in Arizona, though it looks like access is currently limited because of a combination of COVID-19 restrictions and normal winter access restrictions. 

Geography is a fairly broad area of study and focusing on the Grand Canyon as an example of arid-land erosion is probably not the kind of through-provoking material that you want for a master’s thesis.  Fortunately, its immense size....