Title: Addressing the Persistent Wage Gap Between Men and Women

The issue of wage disparity between men and women has been a prominent topic of discussion for decades. Despite advancements in gender equality, women continue to earn less than their male counterparts in nearly every industry and occupation. This wage gap is a reflection of systemic inequalities that have persisted for generations, and its consequences are far-reaching.

Statistics show that on average, women earn approximately 82 cents for every dollar earned by men in the United States. This disparity is even more pronounced for women of color, with Black and Hispanic women earning significantly less than white women and men. The wage gap is not simply a result of differing education levels or career choices. Studies have found that even when controlling for factors such as education, experience, and job responsibilities, women still earn less than men in the same positions.

The wage…...

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References

- Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. \"The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations.\" Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 55, no. 3, 2017, pp. 789-865.

- American Association of University Women (AAUW). \"The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap.\" AAUW, 2020.

- U.S. Census Bureau. \"Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019.\" U.S. Census Bureau Reports, 2020.

- Corbett, Christianne, and Catherine Hill. \"Graduating to a Pay Gap: The Earnings of Women and Men One Year after College Graduation.\" AAUW, 2012.

- Goldin, Claudia. \"A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter.\" American Economic Review, vol. 104, no. 4, 2014, pp. 1091-1119.

- The Institute for Women’s Policy Research. \"Pay Equity & Discrimination.\" IWPR, 2020.

gender-based wage disparities still reflect serious issues of concern (Hirsch 2008). Major disparities remain for women. A 2008 article captured a good deal of interest with its simple declaration that "Across-the-board figures from February this year indicate that full-time female employees earned an average $1,004 a week compared to fulltime male average weekly earnings of $1,190" (The Lamp). Others too have sought to use drama as a way of heightening the reality of some of the disparities. Noting that for those who earn upwards of $1,000,000 annually the ratio of men to women is 13:1 is as profound a comment as is the fact that income equality doesn't even begin to appear until one looks at earnings of about $25,000 and $30,000 (Lips, 2003, pp. 87).
Baron and Cobb-Clark (2009, pp. 229) express concern that, as they put it, "Forty years after the 1969 Equal Pay Case there continues to…...

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REFERENCES

Baron, JD & Cobb-Clark, WA (2009). 'Occupational Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap in Private- and Public-Sector Employment: A Distributional Analysis.' The Economic Record, vol. 86, no. 273. pp. 227-246.

Bertrand, M. (2010). 'New perspectives on gender.' Handbook of Labour Economics. Vol. 4b. DOI 10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02415-4. 1545-1592.

Cobb-Clark, D. And Tan, M. (2010). 'Noncognitive skills, Occupational attainment, and relative wages.' HILDA. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research.

Coelli, M. (2011). Occupation differences and the gender wage gap in Australia: a detailed re-assessment. HILDA. Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research.

This has caused many of the managers of these companies to go without a break for years and some of them have been without an extended holiday for four-year. The valid point here is how long with these managers be able to continue working like this and the effect it is going to have on the other aspirants for such job functions. The health worries and job monotony would definitely lead to a lesser number of skilled workers willing to opt for such jobs and this will only increase the shortage of skilled workers for these kinds of jobs in the near future and thereby cause a reduction in the flow of offshore jobs to India. (Future Projections and Concerns)
Conclusion:

There are definite indicators that the flows of jobs from the United States of America to the low wage countries like India and China slowing down first and then likely…...

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References

Future Projections and Concerns" Retrieved at   Accessed on Ghanta, Babu. (February 17, 2005) "Look into the crystal ball - Outsourcing from India in 2010." India Daily. Retrieved at http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/1636.asp. Accessed on How Long Will Indian/Chinese Outsourcing Last?" (February 28, 2005) Outsourcinghttp://www.mapsofindia.com/outsourcing-to-india/future-for-outsourcing.html .

Times. Retrieved at Accessed on March 9, 2005http://www.blogsource.org/2005/02/.

Perry, Michelle. "Change of scene." Retrieved at   on March 9, 2005http://www.accaglobal.com/publications/fsr/72/2279859Accessed 

The place to be- Survey: Outsourcing" (November 11, 2004) the Economist. Retrieved from   on March 9http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=3351503Accessed 

Gender Wage Gap
There are many different types of bias within the working environment. At times, one had to be a white-male to be a manger in many organizations. The wage-gender gap, or the discrepancies between equally qualified men and women, has diminished in many career paths, but still exists. The "glass ceiling" clearly remains a powerful force within the workplace. Qualified women are blocked from upper-level managerial positions, but their absence at the very top skews the curve when they are clustered in the middle. It seems that it takes about 30% penetration of women managers to begin to more rapidly move the distribution effect, suggesting that now; women remain concentrated in workplace settings with lower wages -- in almost every industry (Cohen and Huffman, 2007, 699).

Ernst and Young, a major accounting firm, realizes that it is in their best interest to find new and innovative ways to break the…...

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Sources:

Accounting for Good People: Talent Management. (July 21, 2007). Galegroup. Retrieved from:  http://www.galegroup.com .

Collinson, David and Jeff Hearn. (1994). Men, Women, and Organizations. Gender,

Work and Organization. 1(1): 2-22.

Hymowitz, C. (June 14, 2007). Coaching Men on Mentoring Women is Ernst and Young

Functionalist Perspective of Society
The sociological perspective that will be applied to the social phenomena discussed in this particular document is the functional perspective. The functional perspective is based on the basic principle that society functions somewhat akin to the human body (McClelland). Just the way there are different facets of the body that perform specific functions -- such as the fact that the brain was designed to think, the heart designed to pump blood, etc. -- there are different facets of society that perform specific functions. Those different aspects of society that serve specific purposes are referred to as social control mechanisms. There are a variety of different examples of social control mechanisms in society. For instance, schools and the education system are designed to prepare members of society for the basic skills necessary to enter and compete in the work force. The major tenet with the functionalist perspective…...

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Works Cited

McLelland, Kent. "Functionalism." / Web. 2000.  /courses/soc/s00/soc111-01/IntroTheories/Functionalism.html http://web.grinnell.edu

Renzulli, Linda, Grant, Linda, Kathuria, Sheetija. "Race, Gender, and the Wage Gap: Comparing Faculty Salaries in Predominately White and Historically Black Colleges and Universities." Gender and Society. 20(4), 491-510.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Impact of Minimum Wage Increases on the Hospitality Industry:
    This essay could explore how raising the minimum wage affects the hospitality sector, focusing on aspects such as employment rates, pricing strategies, service quality, and business profitability. It might also discuss the potential trade-offs between higher wages and job automation.

2. Tipping Culture and Its Effects on Wage Equity in Hospitality:
    This topic allows for an examination of how reliance on tips rather than base wages influences the income stability of hospitality workers. The essay could consider the disparities between front-of-house and back-of-house staff, and the move towards no-tipping policies in some establishments.

3. Wage Disparities and Gender in the Hospitality Industry:
    An essay under this topic would discuss the wage gaps that exist between male and female employees in the hospitality industry. It could explore the reasons behind these disparities, such as occupational segregation, differences in hours worked, and the representation…...

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Primary Sources

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. \"Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics: Food Services and Drinking Places.\" May 2021.

National Restaurant Association. \"2021 State of the Restaurant Industry.\" National Restaurant Association, 2021.

Cornell University School of Hotel Administration. \"Compensation and Salary Studies for the Hospitality Industry.\" The Center for Hospitality Research, 2019.

International Labour Organization. \"Wages in the Hospitality Sector: A Comparison of Minimum Wages.\" ILO Sectoral Policies Department, 2020.

American Hotel & Lodging Association. \"AHLA\'s 2020 State of the Hotel Industry Report.\" American Hotel & Lodging Association, 2020.

Gap Pesti and SWOT Analysis
SCOPE

In this section, I am doing a PESTI and SWOT analysis of GAP Inc. The goal of a PESTI and SWOT analysis is to evaluate the performance of a firm by using their financial statements[footnoteef:1]. In a PESTI and SWOT analysis you can determine the value of a firm by looking at its profitability and its growth. I will be using SWOT analysis and cash flow analysis to assess GAP's performance. After analyzing GAP I will forecast the next ten years based on our findings. [1: AmCham, eal Economy-Egypt. (Source: MoFT, January 2003 and Central Egyptian BankCEB, February 2002).]

I can either look at SWOT for GAP over several years to determine the success of the firm or I can compare the SWOT of GAP to other firms in the same industry. These SWOTs allow us to relate the financial numbers to the business reality. Looking at…...

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References

1. AmCham, Real Economy-Egypt. (Source: MoFT, January 2003 and Central Egyptian BankCEB, February 2002).

2. Al-Ahram Weekly Online: "Inadequate Remedies," April 5-11, 2001, issue 528, Mona ElFiqi.

3. Al-Ahram Weekly Online: "Stalling in Troubled Waters," November 15-21, 2001, issue

650, Mona El-Fiqi.

End-State Vision

The primary goal for the management team at iordan Manufacturing is to solve the existent problem, and through the strategies developed and implemented, ensure that it does not occur again in the future. In other words, they desire to increase employees' on the job satisfaction and reduce as such the turnover rates, which materialize in increased costs. The future goals of the plastics manufacturing company could be best described with the aid of a realistic vision statement. This could be formulated as follows:

iordan Manufacturing is committed to maintaining its leading position onto the plastics industry by presenting their customers with high quality products, delivered by highly specialized and trained employees. The organization is also determined to make a difference in the environment by using the latest technological appliances which preserve the health of the surrounding environment. We are also proud of the healthy and pleasant environment we have created…...

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References

2008, Gap Analysis, Marketing Teacher,   Ast accessed on September 16, 2008http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_gap_analysis.html .

2008, Job Design, BNET Business Dictionary,   accessed on September 16, 2008http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/job+design.htmllast 

2008, Human Resource Committed to Excellence, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,   accessed on September 16, 2008http://hr.unl.edu/general/nuvaluesinfo/glossary.shtmllast 

Beam, J., 2008, What is Employee Turnover?, Wise Geek,   Ast accessed on September 16, 2008http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-employee-turnover.html .

.....social injustice and inequality. First, literature related to the fundamentals of discrimination and descriptions of gender discrimination are discussed in the literature. Following a detailed discussion of what the literature says about gender discrimination, the literature review shifts toward the quantifiable effects of gender discrimination in the workplace. Effects are examined both in terms of measurable effects on organizations and individuals.
Fundamentals of Discrimination

Discrimination is unfortunately pervasive in the workplace. Described as an "inaccurate perception of differences," discrimination can be based on independent variables like race, gender, language, and other demographics (Cleveland, Vescio & Barnes-Farrell, p. 149). The differences perceived are "inaccurate," and also have a direct impact on status, access to power, and access to avenues of promotion or pay increases. Most literature frames discrimination as being "subtle and covert," well concealed from the realms of legal scrutiny, and often difficult to define precisely (Marchiondo, Ran & Cortina, 2015, p.…...

Laws and Wages
Legislation and Wages: An Intricate Dance, but Who's Leading?

Government and employment have always had and will necessarily continue to have a complex and mutually influential relationship, not least in the area of wages. What people are able to earn has always been a pressing issue in any capitalist system, and can influence the formation and the actions of government in numerous direct and indirect ways. In the other direction, legislation enacted by the government can both directly impact employees' wages and have indirect impacts through the changing of burdens that employers must contend with in compensating employees and operating their businesses. This paper briefly examines the relationship between government and wages, and specifically between legislation and employers' abilities to pay wages and utilize wages as an effective workforce motivator and stabilizer. This examination shows that good intentions can sometimes have questionable results, even when the ethical goods they…...

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References

Bernstein, D. (1993). The Davis-Bacon Act: Let's Bring Jim Crow to an End. Accessed 12 December 2012.  http://www.cato.org/pubs/briefs/bp-017.html 

Cornell. (2007). Lilly M. Ledbetter, Petitioner v The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. Accessed 12 December 2012.  http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-1074.ZD.html 

US DOL. (2012). The McNamara-O'Hara Service Contract Act (SCA). Accessed 12 December 2012.  http://www.dol.gov/compliance/laws/comp-sca.htm#.UMrWu3Pjmjc 

US DOL. (2012a). Compliance Assistance - Wages and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Accessed 12 December 2012.  http://www.dol.gov/whd/flsa/#.UMrWpXPjmjc

men are a growing academic minority in graduate schools?
During the Second ave of the feminist movement of the 1970s, one of the key lobbying points of the women's movement was the need for women to achieve parity amongst males in undergraduate and graduate education. Today, the reality of gender disparities in education is far more complex. omen already outnumber males as undergraduates and are beginning to outnumber them in graduate schools as well. However, before 'victory' is declared for feminism, it is important to view these statistics with some caution. Although the trend may indicate that males will be outnumbered by females at the undergraduate, masters and Ph.D. levels this does not mean that women are on a sunny and uncomplicated path to economic enrichment and personal fulfillment.

A recent study by the U.S. Council of Graduate Schools found that between the years of 2008-2009, "women were award 50.4% of…...

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Works Cited

Francis, David. "Why Do Women Outnumber Men in College?" National Bureau of Economic

Research. 20 May 2014.  http://www.nber.org/digest/jan07/w12139.html 

Sanchez, Claudio." Women Outnumber Men Earning Doctoral Degrees." NPR. 15 Sept 2010.

20 May 2014.  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129874290

Wage Equity for Women
Compensation and Gender Pay Gap

Compensation is one of the main functions of human resource management (HM), with the goals of meeting an organization's objectives, maximizing an organization's investment in a labor force, and rewarding employees for their contribution. Ideally, HM should implement a compensation policy that provides equitable and consistent treatment for all employees, thereby improving productivity, employee retention, and loyalty. The term 'procedural justice' has been used to describe this process and represents, for example, whether an employee perceives a compensation policy as equitable and fair.

Based on Taylor's (1989) analysis, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 fails to address procedural justice because it ignores jobs with 'comparable worth.' The Equal Pay Act requires equal compensation for equal work, but Taylor (1989) points out that jobs with equal value to an employer or society also deserve equivalent rates of compensation, regardless of whether comparable jobs entail the…...

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References

National Women's Law Center. (2013). 50 Years & Counting: The Unfinished Business of Achieving Fair Pay. Retrieved from http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/final_nwlc_equal_pay_report.pdf.

Perry, J., & Gundersen, D.E. (2011). American women and the gender pay gap: A changing demographic or the same old song. Advancing Women in Leadership, 31, 153-9.

Taylor, S.H. (1989). The case for comparable worth. Journal of Social Issues, 45(4), 23-37.

Income Distribution Gap
The global fiscal crisis will be borne by the millions of people who do not have a share in the benefits that were derived from the global economic expansions that occurred previously. Not only has the gap widened between low wage earners and high wage earners in nations across the globe, the world's income gap distribution has widened. Economists have long concluded that a limited degree of income inequality contributes to worker motivation, promotes innovation, and rewards talent and effort. Nevertheless, when income differences become too great, the dynamics become counter-productive. unaway income inequality is considered to be a destructive force, such that "rising income inequality represents a danger to the social fabric" ("Board of Canada," 2012). The repercussions from excessive income inequalities include children not attending school so they can contribute to household earnings by going to work, increased crime rates, lower life-expectancies, and malnutrition.

In the…...

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References

Acemoglu D (2009) Introduction to modern economic growth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Card D. And DiNardo JE (2002). Skill biased technological change and rising wage inequality: Some problems and puzzles. Journal of Labor Economics, 20(4), 735.

Jones CI (2002) Introduction to economic growth (2nd ed.). New York, NY W.W. Norton.

Milanovic, B (2005) Worlds apart: Measuring international and global inequality, 180 -- 81. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Geneational Gap in the Wokplace
Contempoay woking age Ameicans ae categoized into fou distinct geneations that, allegedly, have been made into what they ae and thei pesonalities fomed due to the socio-political and economic as well as histoical occuences of thei age. These fou geneations ae vaiously known as: Taditionals, Baby Boomes, Geneation X, and Geneation Y

Thee ae at least two views egading geneational diffeences in the wokplace. The fist suggests that whilst individuals ae distinct, nonetheless, shaed geneational values, events, beliefs, behavios, and occuences indelibly affected membes of a paticula geneation and impact them fom effective integeneational communication (Zemke, et al. 2000). The othe is that although, cetain geneational events do occu that influence people's behavio and beliefs, ultimately employees ae constant and geneic in what they seek fom jobs and tying to categoize them and pedict thei pefomance accoding to geneation categoy is misguided (Yang & Guy, 2006). This…...

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references of the younger generations. Similarly, whilst discussion groups are the format of choice for the older generations, the younger generations see them as least effective and more time-consuming. Again, one can readily see historical circumstances as prompting choice. Additionally, the younger generations tend to value feedback more than the older ones do, and the various generations seem to indicate different methods in learning and internalizing skills. Computer and Internet may have a great deal to say in the diversities between the characteristics on these points.

As regards desire for greater balance between life and work, most of the evidence that the younger generations seem to incline towards the latter in comparison to the older ones, is anecdotal. It may be that the younger generations resists the influence of work on their lives to a greater extent than the older generations do, but, this again may differ according to personality and context and needs further research.

Other differences in Workplace Generation Gap

Definitions of 'success' and 'leadership' vary too between the generations with apparently generational perspectives of the constructs hinging on the paradigms of their times. The gap seems to be most pronounced between the Traditionals and the younger generations with the Traditionals connecting success to workplace conduct, and the younger generations connecting it to computer skills. As regards leadership style, the two older generations prefer a leader with credibility, whilst the younger ones prefer empathy and active listening (Deal, 2007).

All generations want to be valued and appreciated as well as receive fair treatment. In the end, definite differences may exist more in popular literature than in real life. Further empirical research needs to be conducted to demonstrate whether this is or is not the case.

For instance we can take the examples of African-Americans, the events and issues show that some ethnic groups had to struggle hard to stay ahead in the social fabric of American society.
Conclusion

The living conditions of poor and middle segment of the society are main indicators of the health of economy and income distribution. While in developing nations the plight of the poor and even middle segments of society is well-known. Developed nation like United States have not been associated with poverty and the poor treatment of certain segments of society. Recent event have made people argue that over the years issues of poverty and unequal income distribution have hit America in a big way. These issues now can not be brushed under the carpet as the issues are being debated at all forums. People have accepted the grim fact that Income gap exists in American Society and these issues…...

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Bibliography

Dovring, F. Inequality: The Political Economy of Income Distribution. Praeger Publishers. New York. 1991.

Kristof. N. The Larger Shame. New York Times. Sep 6,2005 http://cygnus.lcc.edu:2051/pqdweb?did=892078491&sid=2&Fmt=3&clientId=9230&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Ryscavage, P. Sharpe. Income Inequality in America: An Analysis of Trends M.E. Sharpe. New York, 1999.

Scott, J. & Leonhardt, D. Class in America: Shadowy Lines That Still Divide; CLASS MATTERS. New York Times. May 15, 2005. http://cygnus.lcc.edu:2051/pqdweb?did=839712251&sid=8&Fmt=3&clientId=9230&RQT=309&VName=PQD

Certainly! Here are a few suggestions for social injustice essay topics:

1. Income inequality and its effects on marginalized communities.
2. Gender bias and discrimination in the workplace.
3. Racial profiling and its impact on communities of color.
4. Access to quality education for low-income students.
5. Environmental racism and its consequences on disadvantaged communities.
6. The criminal justice system's disproportionate treatment of minorities.
7. Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals in society.
8. Disability rights and the challenges faced by disabled individuals.
9. Child labor and exploitation in developing countries.
10. The refugee crisis and the global response to displaced populations.

Remember, when writing about social injustice, it is essential to research....

Topic 1: The Social Exclusion of Marginalized Groups

Essay Title: Unveiling the Hidden Toll: The Profound Impact of Social Exclusion on Marginalized Communities

Introduction:
In contemporary society, the insidious forces of social exclusion continue to cast a long shadow on the lives of marginalized groups. This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of social exclusion and its profound impact on these communities, shedding light on the systemic barriers, prejudices, and societal attitudes that perpetuate their marginalization. By exploring the lived experiences of those affected, we aim to unveil the hidden toll of exclusion and advocate for a more inclusive and equitable society.

Body:

1. Institutional....

1. The impact of systemic racism on marginalized communities
2. The role of privilege in perpetuating social injustice
3. The criminalization of poverty and its consequences
4. Discrimination in the criminal justice system
5. Gender-based violence and inequality
6. The effects of income inequality on society
7. Access to healthcare as a social justice issue
8. Environmental racism and its impact on communities of color
9. Education inequities and the cycle of poverty
10. The role of media in perpetuating stereotypes and social injustice.
11. The impact of mass incarceration on communities of color
12. Police brutality and the need for police reform
13. Immigration....

Of course, here are some potential essay topics that cover various aspects of injustice:

1. The impact of systemic racism on minority communities
2. The criminal justice system and its treatment of marginalized groups
3. Gender inequality in the workplace
4. The effects of income inequality on social mobility
5. Discrimination against individuals with disabilities in society
6. Environmental injustice and its effects on low-income communities
7. The prevalence of human rights abuses in authoritarian regimes
8. The lack of access to affordable healthcare in disadvantaged communities
9. Educational disparities and their long-term effects on students
10. The role of media in perpetuating stereotypes and promoting social injustice

These topics provide....