Voting ehavior
Suffrage is an integral component of every American citizen's democratic rights and the law has given it top priority. ut realities such as the difficulties encountered from the registration phase to the voting phase, emphasis on registration as a bureaucratic task, predispositions, election-specific forces and other determinants of participation have resulted in unclear and inconsistent pattern of voting behavior and inconclusive turnout and voting choices. Political scientists and thinkers have tried to sort the situation out through the use of models. Some argue that the electorate makes decisions either as a banker or a farmer, that aggregate forecasts are stronger than individual forecasts, that economic considerations always decide/d the outcome of an election or impacted it, that governments cannot predict the actions of consumers and firms under them despite these governments' dominance, and that economic intelligence guides lead voters to adopt the retrospective, rather than the prospective, view of…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Campbell, A., et al. (1960). The American Voter. Survey Research Center. University of Michigan. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

2. Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers

3. Ferejohn, J.A. And Fiorina, M.P. (1974). The Paradox of Not Voting: a Decision Theoretic Analysis. American Political Science Review, vol 68 issue 2 525-536.  http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0554%28197406%2968%3A2%3C525%3ATPONVA%3E2.0.CO%3B-%23 

4. Gomez, B.T. And Wilson, J.M. (2001). Political Sophistication and Economic Voting in the American Electorate: a Theory of Heterogeneous Attribution. Midwest Political Science Association. American Journal of Political Science, vol 45 number 4, October 2001, 899-914.

Even in the 2008 general election, which had widely-touted voter turnout, a number of eligible people did not vote. Michael McDonald engaged in a complex study, which not only looked at people in the population who were age-eligible for voting, but also looked at the number of people who were not otherwise disenfranchised, such as felons or foreign nationals. He found an overall turnout rate of truly eligible people of 61.7%, which means that almost 40% of people who were eligible to vote in the 2008 election, failed to do so (McDonald, 2009). McDonald also found an overall turnout rate of 56.8% of all age-eligible people, which would mean that only slightly more than half of all age-eligible people voted in the 2008 election (McDonald, 2009).
Black Turnout vs. White Turnout

Traditionally, there has been a lower turnout among black voters than white voters, a fact that is particularly disconcerting, given…...

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References

Davis, R. (Unknown). The transition from segregation to civil rights. Retrieved April 9, 2009

from JimCrow.org

Web site: http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/transition.htm

Marcelo, K.B., Lopez, M.H, Kennedy, C., and Barr, K. (2008). Young voter registration and turnout trends. Retrieved April 9, 2009 from Civicyouth.org

Ethnic groups such as Black people and Hispanics, and also women, had to fight for their right to vote. The many fighters who suffered and died during these struggles should be honored by using the rights that they won. It is not a right that should be taken for granted.
The news is filled with reports about countries where the right to vote is almost mythical. Women are oppressed, ethnic groups are executed for reasons not better than that they dare to exist, and the countries are ruled by tyranny rather than democracy. Voting in the United tates can then be used as an example of the power of democracy.

Voting is a very important action in any democratic country. Citizens should exercise it as a privilege, a right, and also a responsibility and an example to those without democracy.

ources

Florida Atlantic University (2004). Just Vote. Dept of Political cience. http://wise.fau.edu/~rpwatson/Just_Vote/just_vote_002.htm

Historica Foundation.…...

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Sources

Florida Atlantic University (2004). Just Vote. Dept of Political Science. http://wise.fau.edu/~rpwatson/Just_Vote/just_vote_002.htm

Historica Foundation. (2007). Voting.  http://www.histori.ca/voices/page.do?pageID=420 

Insure Democracy. (2007) Why Vote?

 http://www.insuredemocracy.com/vote.htm

Voting
According to recent statistics, America has among the lowest voter turnout of any democracy in the world based on participation in presidential and mid-term elections (Anderson, 2000). According to the Committee for the Study of the American Electorate (CSAE) over the last three decades, voter turnout has declined dramatically resulting in a series of historic lows. One of the main reasons for this sad decline in voter turnout is the apparent lack of interest from America's students in politics.

Fewer and fewer college age students are taking the initiative to register to vote. According to a recent magazine article (erg, 2003), America's youth today fails to realize or care about the importance of their vote. "People who are not registered to vote cannot vote. If they cannot vote, then they will not get changes made," said Sara Kaminski, President of College Democrats. It is apparent that college age students must get…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, K. (January 11, 2000). The United States of Apathy? BBC News.

Berg, E. (September 29, 2003). Students need to vote. The BG News.

Quinnell, K. (February 15, 2004). Gen-X Disengagement Assured the Ascendancy of the Right. Open Source Politics: United States. Retrieved from the Internet at  http://www.ospolitics.org/usa/archives/2004/02/15/genx_disen.php .

Voting ights
History of Voting ights in the United States and African-American Struggle

The ultimate end of all freedom is the enjoyment of a right of free suffrage.

"A WATCHMAN," Maryland Gazette, 1776 (qtd. In Keyssar 8)

Voting is the most important process that allows the general public to communicate or refuse to give consent. During the mid-1770s, an innovative epoch began when Americans challenged the Britain's right to rule the colonies. The American evolution provided the basis of a public debate on the issue of suffrage and its restrictions. During that time period, voting was considered a privilege that the state granted to the citizens in its own interest. However, it was constantly argued that voting was a natural right that could not be deferred by the state. This argument got tremendous support not only from the small farmers and minorities but influential evolution leaders Ethan Allan, Thomas Young and Franklin also favored…...

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References

Carson, "1965: a Decisive Turning Point in the Long Struggle for Voting Rights," Questia, 112 (4), Crisis Publishing Company, July/August 2005, 16+, May 21, 2011, Web,  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5036482449 

Kousser, "Colorblind Injustice Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction," University of North Carolina Press, 1999, May 21, 2011, Web,  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27795743

One friend of mine who participated in this interview ran for a position in local government and lost. When asked why he ran for public office, his answer was that he wanted to represent his fellow citizens as well as to make a positive contribution in the community. When asked if he would run for office again, his answer was, "No, times have changed." I hope that just like my friend, the reason why everyone is running for office is to represent the interests of the people.

The pattern that has been emerging is: that most people are concerned with finding the right person for the position. as, they are exercising their democratic right by: participating in the voting process. In my opinion, the most important way for someone to participate in the electoral process is: to vote and thus exercise their democratic rights. Each of us must see this as…...

It is also said that Islam is against democracy due to the sovereignty it vest on God, the sole source of political authority and whose divine law provides regulations that govern the community of believers. Some scholars view this as Islam becomes embodied in a totalitarian state.
In Democracy and Arab Political Culture, the late Elie Kedourie wrote that in Muslim political tradition, popular sovereignty being a foundation of governmental sovereignty, the idea of representation, elections of popular suffrage, political institutions that are regulated by laws laid by a parliamentary assembly and the laws guarded and upheld by a parliamentary assembly and guarded and upheld by an independent judiciary and secularity of the state and society composed of a multitude of self-activating groups and other associations are completely alien concepts (Elie, 1994, p.6). There are those who argue that Islam is against the struggle of a government that is accountable.…...

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References

Campbell, D. (2006). Religious "Threat" in Contemporary Presidential Elections. Journal of Politics 68(7), 104-115

Elie, K. (1994). Democracy and Arab political Culture. London: Frank Cass.

Jelen, T.G. (1993). The Political Consequences of Religious Group Attitudes. The Journal of Politics 55(2), 178-190.

Lazarsfeld, P.F., Bernard B., & Hazel G. (1948). People's Choice: How the Voter Makes

Technology is still so new it is something that the older generations are not familiar with while the younger generations are up and running from the moment they enter school (The global digital divide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_digital_divide)
The best choice for a universal system of voting in New Jersey is to use a touch screen computeriized system. A touch screen allows the voter to enter the booth, touch the screen on the desired selection and then hit send when done. This system is easy to use, saves costs on materials and paper that is no longer needed. The system is not difficult to use which means that the elderly voters will be comfortable in their ability to cast their votes. If this system is implemented universally then voters will know that no matter what district they live in they are able to vote.

eferences

Electronic Voting (Accessed 11-11-06)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting#Paper-Based_Electronic_Voting_System

The global digital divide (Accessed 11-06-06) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_digital_divide)...

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References

Electronic Voting (Accessed 11-11-06)

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting#Paper-Based_Electronic_Voting_System 

The global digital divide (Accessed 11-06-06) ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_digital_divide )

S., given the increased pressures made on the political scene to include all citizens the right to express their political and social choices at the polls. Martin Luther King Jr. was in this sense one of the most important figures of the emancipation process because he constantly tried to advance the issue of the right of black people to vote and bring it to the attention of the public through peaceful manifestations and quiet marches. However, despite his efforts "when Congress wrote the act, many southern states were engaged in extraordinary efforts to deny black citizens their Fifteenth Amendment right to vote" (Ponnuru, 2006). From this point-of-view it was clear that certain modifications had to be made and interventions had to be imposed to states.
Accordingly, the Act tried to resolve a number of issues. Firstly, it tried to give the 14th Amendment a stronger and more important role in the…...

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Bibliography

History of Congressional Consideration of the Women's Suffrage Issue." The National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1848-1921. N.d. 18 Jan. 2008, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/nineteenthcong.html

14 th. Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 1997. 18 Jan. 2008  http://www.nps.gov/archive/malu/documents/amend14.htm 

Bolick, Clint. "Bad Fences: To Preserve American Democracy, We Must Return to the Original Aims of the Voting Rights Act." National Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 6. April 3, 1995.

Dunleavy, Patrick, and Brendan O'Leary. Theories of the state. The Politics of Liberal Democracy. London and New York: Macmillan and Meredith, 1987.

United States has had a varied history when it comes to voting. Blacks endured several trials and tribulations to gain the right to vote. Women also went through hurdles only gaining the right to vote in the early twentieth century. All of this lends to what the present is today, a nation that encompasses all of the past struggles into the next Presidential election. And with the election less than a year away, some questions may be asked. For example what affects the voting patterns of American women? Is social class a determiner for how and/or when a woman votes? How does social conflict theory contribute to explaining such behaviors?
While religion appears to play a role in voting behavior among Americans and other nationalities, class may also be a determiner for how Americans vote. In regards to American women, wealthy women may see things differently versus their poor counterparts.…...

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References

Carnes, N., & Lupu, N. (2014). Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America. American Journal Of Political Science, 59(1), 1-18.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12112 

Crouse, J. (2008). Janice Shaw Crouse - Women's Voting Patterns in Election 2008. townhall.com. Retrieved 22 February 2016, from  http://townhall.com/columnists/janiceshawcrouse/2008/11/14/womens_voting_patterns_in_election_2008/page/full 

Eagly, A., Baron, R., Hamilton, V., & Kelman, H. (2004). The social psychology of group identity and social conflict. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Lang, S. (2016). Study: Race, class and gender shape religion's effect on American voters -- Cornell Chronicle. News.cornell.edu. Retrieved 21 February 2016, from  http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2009/11/study-examines-link-between-religion-and-votes

Online Voting System
The current system for registering voters in our country was designed in a time-frame before the computer industry had become such a major power in our day-to-day lives. In a time when citizens can order everything from automobiles to movie tickets online, the technology exists to also streamline this system. State, and county governments have the ability to make it simpler for each voter to participate in the democratic process by creating online voter registration, and voting processes.

The current system is deliberately built around cumbersome checks and balances, in order to guard against voting fraud. Currently, John Voter can register to vote when he reaches legal age. His voter registration information is stored in a database which is printed out and distributed to the individual county precincts on Election day. This hard copy is in the hands of volunteer voter referees who oversee each transaction. When Mr.…...

Internet Voting
The recent disruptive technological developments leading to the creation of the Internet and the widespread adoption of mobile communication technology has ultimately led to the creation and maintenance of a digital sphere of human experience, which must now be considered alongside the usual physical world when considering nearly any facet of human experience. This new digital, online realm of experience has allowed for any number of previously problematic task to be accomplished with relative ease, and although only in the preliminary stages, in particular the Internet offers a means by which citizens could easily vote for local, state, and federal elections. However, voting online would represent a more fundamental shift in the nature of elections than it may first appear, so one must take to examine the implications of this development. By investigating the possibility of voting online, it becomes clear that not only would Internet voting result in…...

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Works Cited

Alvarez, Michael, and Jonathan Nagler. "The Likely Consequences of Internet Voting for Political Presentation. Center for the Study of Law and Politics Working Paper 3. (2000):

1-39. Print.

Oostveen, Anne-Marie. "Internet Voting Technologies and Civic Participation: The Users'

Perspective." The Public. 11.1 (2004): 61-78. Print.

Internet Voting
hat is your initial point-of-view?

My initial point-of-view on the subject of a system where people could vote online in local, state, and national elections is very positive, with some reservations. For example, while it makes sense to encourage voting in any way possible -- the turnout for national elections has been inconsistent and sketchy in the past few years, sometimes less than 50% of eligible voters come out -- the potential for abuse is always a consideration when dealing with online issues. Still, initially I think that enfranchising more voters in any reasonably safe way -- and giving honest, concerned voters an easier way to share in democracy -- is a good idea.

TO: How can you define your point-of-view more clearly?

The advantages of voting online are many, and according to a scholarly research article in the Canadian Parliamentary Review (DeBardeleben, et al., 2010, p. 1), the positive aspects of…...

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Works Cited

DeBardeleben, Joan, Goodman, Nicole, and Pammett, Jon H. "Internet Voting: The Canadian

Municipal Experience." Canadian Parliamentary Review, 33.3 (2010): 1-11.

Jordan, Bryant. "Official Pushes for Web-Mailed Military Ballots." Military.com. Retrieved September 30, 2011, from   (2011).http://www.military.com .

U.S. Census Bureau. "Census Bureau Reports Hispanic Voter Turnout Reaches Record High for Congressional Election." Retrieved September 30, 2011, from   (2011)http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/voting/cb11-164.html .

Economic Models of Voting
It is generally believed that the more the economy grows (or slows down), the more all voters reward (or punish) the incumbent party for improving (or worsening) their economic situation. Presidential approval ratings often drive the results of the economic models of voting. These approval ratings are typically conceptualized as capturing both non-economic factors and other economic factors beyond near-election economic growth. This paper will discuss two major economic models of voting -- both of which show how economic outcomes may affect party choice.

Economic Models of Voting

The competency model holds that voters reward the present political party for favorable economic outcomes and punish him for unfavorable outcomes (Vanderzee, 1997). More than 25 years ago, this hypothesis was first tested (Kramer, 1970 and Mueller, 1970), and more recently have Rogoff and Sibert (1988) provided a choice theoretical foundation for it. The basic idea behind their model is that…...

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Bibliography

Brennan, G. (2001). Five Rational Actor Accounts of the Welfare State. Kyklos 54(2/3): 213-34.

Economic Studies 55: 1-16.

Kramer, G.H. (1971). Short-term fluctuations in U.S. voting behavior, 1896-1964. American

Mueller, D.C. (1989). Public Choice II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

These challenges has slowed the current trend in adoption of electronic voting systems. States and counties around the country are now questioning the intelligence in spending tens of millions of dollars on a system that has proven to be unreliable at best. All of the glitches and voting anomalies that have come up over the recent years caused Americans, especially in geographic regions like Florida where the problems have occurred, to lose faith in these high-tech voting systems.

In fact, faith has dwindled so significantly, in February, some Broward County citizens, along with members from nine other Florida counties, banded together to create the first citizen exit poll in America. Nonprofessional data gatherers recorded votes as voters left the polls.

Approximately 20 people, including Democrats, epublicans, and at least one Green Party member, made up Project Vote Count and manned tables outside official polling places.

These tables were run just like an official…...

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References

Electronic voting machine information sheet. (17 Aug 2004). Retrieved March 28, 2008, at  http://w2.eff.org/Activism/E-voting/20040818_ess_ivotronic_v0.8.pdf .

Newton, E. (7 Feb 2008). Tally against the machine. Broward-Palm Beach New Times. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from Academic OneFile database.

Songini, M. (18 Apr 2005). E-voting may face recall in Florida County: IT snafus lead to look at optical scanning. Computerworld, 39(16). Retrieved March 28, 2008, from Academic OneFile database.

America's Voting System

This is a very interesting topic.  Near the end of each year, Lux Research posts a list of transformational technologies to watch in the following year, which might be a good place to start if you are looking for ideas about a specific technology.  However, those are going to be technologies that are already invented.  Inventing a technology that would transform society in a specific country would require an intimate understanding and knowledge of a country’s culture, geography, religion, history, infrastructure, and natural resources; identifying a problem that it has; and combing up with a novel invention....

Of course! Here are some essay topics that can help you practice writing an outline:

1. The effects of social media on modern society
2. The importance of mental health awareness
3. The impact of climate change on the environment
4. The role of technology in education
5. The benefits and drawbacks of remote work
6. The history of immigration in the United States
7. The significance of voting in a democracy
8. The rise of online shopping and its effects on traditional retail
9. The portrayal of women in the media
10. The challenges and opportunities of globalization

Feel free to choose any of these topics to create an outline....

1. The potential impact of central bank digital currencies on the future of cryptocurrency
2. The role of blockchain technology in shaping the future of cryptocurrency
3. Regulatory challenges and opportunities in the development of cryptocurrency
4. The future of cryptocurrency adoption and integration into traditional financial systems
5. The evolving relationship between cryptocurrency and privacy concerns
6. The environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining and sustainable solutions for the future
7. The future of cryptocurrency in global financial markets and economic systems
8. The potential for cryptocurrency to disrupt traditional industries and create new economic opportunities
9. The role of decentralized finance (DeFi) in shaping the future of....

The Forgotten Chapters of American History: Uncovering Lesser-Known but Captivating Essay Topics

Beyond the familiar narratives of the American Revolution, Civil War, and westward expansion, American history is a tapestry woven with countless lesser-known stories that offer valuable insights and provoke thought. Here are some intriguing essay topics that illuminate hidden aspects of our nation's past:

1. The Forgotten Pioneers: Exploring the Contributions of Women in the Transcontinental Railroad

While the construction of the transcontinental railroad is often attributed to male workers, over a thousand women played a crucial role as cooks, laundresses, nurses, and telegraph operators. Their contributions were essential to the....