Volcanoes generally preserved geologic rock record eroded . However, materials erupted volcanoes found preserved rock record. From learned types volcanoes, infer type volcano erupted an area-based type volcanic deposits found layers rock? Give specific examples, briefly discuss materials linked types volcanoes.
Volcanoes are some of the most interesting and at the same time intriguing manifestations of nature. They have been the object of study for decades and all types of technologies were used to either understand the way in which these natural phenomena take place in the sense of eruption or to have a clearer image on the placement in time and geological eras of these structures.

Volcanic mountains or constructions usually are formed as a result of constant eruptions and sedimentation of the lava. However, their height or structure is not necessarily a robust one and most often they erode in time, leaving behind only parts of volcanoes or different other…...

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References

Hall, C.A. (2007) Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and Its Native Plants. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Lockwood, J. And Richard W. Hazlett. (2010) Volcanoes: Global Perspectives. West Sussex: Wiley -- Blackwell.

US Department of Interior. (2012) "Volcanoes." U.S. Geological Survey. Available at  http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/gips/na/process.html 

US Geological Survey. (2011). Principal Types of Volcanoes. Available at  http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html

Volcanoes are often associated with fire, earthquakes, victims and damage. The activity of nature often turns peaceful mountains with smoky tops into fire vents with lava and smoke getting out and turning everything into fire and burning it.
Why do volcanoes erupt and where does such an incredible energy get from inside the earth?

After the radioactivity phenomenon was discovered, especially one of uranium and thorium, scientists began to understand that the heat is conserved inside the earth because of the radioactive decay of some chemical elements. The studies made in the field of nuclear energy problems proved this fact again.

Accumulation of heat energy inside the earth makes the earth matter heated. The temperature gets so high that the matter has to melt but under the high pressure of the upper earth layers it stays solid. In the places where the pressure of the upper earth layers is not so high (it…...

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References

Keys, D., 1999, Catastrophe: A Quest for the Origins of the Modern World, Ballentine Books, New York, 343 pp.

Zeilinga de Boer, J., and D. Sanders, 2002, Volcanoes in Human History: The Far-Reaching Effects of Major Eruptions: Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton and Oxford.

Simkin, T., and L. Siebert, 1994, Volcanoes of the World, Geoscience Press, Inc., Tucson, AZ, p. 68.

The Great Volcanic Explosion of Krakatoa, Article available on web: http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Vocano1883Krakatoa.html

Volcanoes
Many people make the assumption that the most severe damage done by volcanoes results from the hot lava that flows from some volcanoes. For example, the lava that flows from Hawaiian volcanoes -- called "Hawaiian volcanism" -- are quite striking and make incredibly beautiful yet dangerous-looking videos and still photos. But that volcanic eruption is not nearly as hazardous as the eruption from a volcano like Mount St. Helens. This paper discusses the most dangerous volcano eruptions, and it also references certain side effects from some volcanoes that most people aren't aware of.

Volcanic Hazards

hen Mount St. Helens exploded on May 18, 1980, there was no red hot lava flowing down from the top of the mountain. But there was an enormously powerful blast that permanently altered the landscape. This kind of explosive blast from a volcano is considered to be the most violent. An article in Life Science online magazine…...

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Works Cited

Bagley, M. (2013). Mount St. Helens Eruption: Facts & Information. Live Science. Retrieved December 24, 2013, from  http://www.livescience.com .

N-D-A.org. (2011). Natural Hazards / Volcanoes. Retrieved December 24, 2013, from  http://www.n-d-a.org .

In the United States this strategy is handled by that United States Geographical Survey. The survey has a color coded plan for handling such threats this includes: Green-No immediate threat, Yellow-Watch; Orange- Warning and ed- Eruption in progress. There are certain measures that are taken at each threat level.
Conclusion

Indeed there are active volcanoes around the world that make many people vulnerable. In most cases scientist can now predict when an eruption may occur with some accuracy. The best protection seems to be early warning. The research also indicates that people should heed such warning if they desire to live.

eferences

Dormant Volcano Erupts near Manila; Hundreds Feared Dead under Lava. New York Times September 29, 1965.

Lahars and Their Effects. United States Geological Survey. 4 April 2007 http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/lahars.html

Lava Flows. United States Geological Survey. 4 April 2007 http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.html

Pyroclastic Flows and Their Effects. United States Geological Survey.

April 2007 http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/pcflows.html

Tephra: Volcanic ock and Glass Fragments")."

Volcano…...

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References

Dormant Volcano Erupts near Manila; Hundreds Feared Dead under Lava. New York Times September 29, 1965.

Lahars and Their Effects. United States Geological Survey. 4 April 2007  http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lahars/lahars.html 

Lava Flows. United States Geological Survey. 4 April 2007  http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.html 

Pyroclastic Flows and Their Effects. United States Geological Survey.

S., with an estimated magnitude of 8.0 on the ichter scale. They formed new lakes, changed the course of the Mississippi iver, and could be felt at least a little in a 50,000 square mile area. In contract, the San Francisco 1906 earthquake could be felt moderately in a 60,000 square mile area, even though it was a smaller quake.
Kobe earthquake - Occurred in 1995 and measured 7.3 on the ichter scale. Nearly 6,500 people died in the quake. It caused ten trillion yen in damage, which was 2.5% of Japan's GDP at the time, making it the worst earthquake in Japan since the Great Kanto earthquake in 1923. It is the costliest earthquake in recorded history.

Mexico City quake of 1985 - This quake measured 8.1 on the ichter scale, and killed at least 9,000 people, but many Mexico City residents believe the real number was far higher, perhaps as…...

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References

Chester, David K. "Volcanoes in Human History." The Geographical Journal 169.4 (2003): 385.

Morton, Ron L. Music of the Earth: Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Other Geological Wonders. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.

Scarth, Alwyn. Volcanoes: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1994.

They still feel the pangs of territorial appropriation, the constraints of being a victim of the colonial project: "You are no a de writer," the Chief responds, "you are de espider, and we shoota de espiders in Mejico" (Lowry 371). Thus, the police in the cafe are not merely symbolic of fascism - they are fascists themselves. The logic of state-based nationalism, as depicted by Lowry in this scene and throughout Under the Volcano, thus serves as a metaphor for the postcolonial desire for states to assert their sovereignty while still under colonial pressure.
From a contemporary perspective, one cannot help but consider Under the Volcano from a post-9/11 standpoint. In an era when the borderlands between the United States and Mexico are once again the scene of tremendous controversy, and the American national identity is being asserted in the wake of such threats as terrorism, the threats proffered by…...

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Works Cited

Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt, 1966.

Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.

Lowry, Malcolm. Under the Volcano. New York: Penguin, 1947.

Miller, Andrew John. "Under the nation-state: modernist deterritorialization in Malcolm Lowry's

The area around the volcano has been a hotbed of tectonic activity since it lays near a subduction zone where rock from the Earth's mantle is pushed upward as a reaction to the nearby subduction of the Earth's crust. Since tremendous internal pressures exist due to the displacement of magma below the subduction zone's surface, the Soufriere Hills Volcano sits on top of a giant lava dome that has been holding back high-pressure gasses for years. These gasses, when combined with the rock and magma below the surface, shoot out during an eruption, just as we are currently seeing on the island now and similar to the 1995 eruption.
The depth of the magma, which often extends miles below the surface and which is pooled in a magma chamber, can be directly linked to the volcano's surface activity. The eruption has also produced some very familiar side effects associated with…...

Magma and gasses building up just below the surface before an eruption can cause a bulge many miles in diameter. Since they are so large, these swells cannot be seen by the naked eye (Kerr, 2003). Satellite-borne radars alert volcanologists when such bulges appear. The satellites monitor global positioning (GPS) devices on the ground, using triangulation to mark whether the ground is bulging. Yet, again, the lack of a bulge does not mean that there will not be an eruption so this method is only helpful in some cases and where a volcano is well-monitored (Kerr, 2003).
Geochemical monitoring involved watching the changes of gasses associated with volcanic movement. Watching inactive volcanoes for the escape of gasses can be a precursor to eruption (Choi, 2004). Sulfer dioxide, carbon dioxide, and other gasses escaping from the earth signal the movement of magma underground, sometimes meaning that an eruption is imminent (Choi,…...

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References

Choi, C. (2004). Volcanic sniffing. Scientific American, 291(5), 22-24.

Kerr, R.A. (2003). High-tech fingers on Earth's erratic pulse. Science, 299(5615), 2016-2019.

Mileti, D.S. (1999). A reassessment of natural hazards in the United States. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

ac.wwu.edu/~bgoebel/members/bbarcott.htm>.
"Historical Notes - Vancouver's Voyage." 7-14 December 1929. Mount ainier Nature Notes. .

"Mount ainier Volcanic Hazards eponse Plan." July 2009. .

Parchman, F. "The Super Flood." 19 October 2005. Seattle Weekly. .

Service, U.S. Forest. "Eruption: May 18, 1980." January 2010. Mount Saint Helen's National Volcanic Monument. .

Signani, L. "The Height of Accuracy." 19 July 2000. Point of Beginning. .

U.S. Geodynamics Committee and the National esearch Council. Mount ainier: Active Cascade Volcano. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1994.

University, Dept. Of Geological Sciences - San Diego State. "Stratovolcanoes." January 2004. How Volcanoes Work. .

Watson, J. "Principal Types of Volcanoes." 6 Feburary 1997. United States Geological Survey. .

Wood and Kienle, eds. Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

"World Top 50 Mountains By Prominance." January 2009. Peakbagger.com. .

Zimbelman, ye and Landis. "Fumeroles in Ice Caves on the Summit of Mount ainier." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal esearch 97.1-4 (2000): 457-73.

Seattle

Mount ainier...

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REFERENCES

"Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan." August 2006. Pierce County Washington. .

Driedger, C. "Glacier Flow - Mount Rainier." January 1993. U.S. Geological Survey. .

Drieger and Scott. "Mount Rainier - Living Safeluy With a Volcano in the Backyard." 2008. Cascades Volcano Observatory - USGS. .

Duncan and Burns. The National Parks: America's Best Idea. New York: Knopf, 2009.

This happens as the magma chamber empties and a ring fracture occurs. This collapse often blocks the flow of magma but the heated interior still produces gasses and steam. Often, that steam and other gasses create a lake in the middle of the caldera similar to Crater Lake in Oregon or Glen Coe in Scotland.
8. WHY DO SOME VOLCANOES EXPLODE, WHILE OTHERS EMIT ONLY GASEOUS CLOUDS?

Some volcanoes explode because the magma that is beneath them is physically forced out of the volcano and into the air. Also, some volcanoes have a core or cap that was formed long ago that holds magma back until it can reach a pressure high enough for it to explode outward. Other volcanoes release only gas because there are pockets of gas and ash trapped above the magma chamber, but below the surface of the volcano. This is released instead of magma and the…...

LANDFORMS
Barrier island beaches generally develop where:

a The coast is composed of hard rock b the nearby land has a rugged topography of hills and mountains c the sea floor deepens rapidly offshore d The sea floor remains shallow for a long distance offshore

During storms in winter:

a There is a higher percentage of fine-grained sand on beaches

b More erosion occurs in bays than on headlands

c Beaches are eroded d Beaches are built up e Offshore sand bars are destroyed

Along the Midocean ridge

a earthquakes occur b sea floor spreading occurs c volcanism occurs d all the above occur

Where would you find examples of barrier island coasts?

a Oregon

b California

c British Columbia and Alaska

d Texas and the Gulf Coast

e Hawaii

Which of the following boundaries characterize the San Andreas Fault?

a Spreading

b Convergent

c Transform

d None of the above

Construction of dams upstream on rivers may lead to:

a Narrower beaches b Wider beaches c The filling in of…...

New Madrid Fault
In the wake of recent seismic activity and devastating earthquakes many people tend to speculate as to where the next big earthquake will occur. Most people point to the west coast of the United States as the obvious choice for an earthquake setting. In doing so we ignore a potentially catastrophic area of seismic activity known as the New Madrid Fault, which is Located in New Madrid, Missouri. Despite its potentially dangerous characteristics this area is often overlooked or dismissed due to its mid-western location. It is however, important to note that big earthquakes have occurred in this area and that as time passes the likelihood of a large earthquake occurring in the New Madrid Fault increases. The New Madrid Fault has caused several large earthquakes, the most significant quakes occurred during the years 1811-1812. According to historical accounts which are based on topographic results and effects the…...

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Works Cited

"Global Volcanism Program | Volcanic Activity Reports | Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report | ." Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program: Worldwide Holocene Volcano and Eruption Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .

"The Virtual Times: The New Madrid Earthquake." THE VIRTUAL TIMES . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .

riverbed., seismically-induced ground motions deforming the. "Historic Earthquakes." U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .

Hawaiian Volcanoes and Relationship to a Deep-Mantle Plume
From the many topics that were given as options by the facilitator of this class, the author of this report has chosen to write about Hawaiian volcanoes and their relationship to the deep-mantle plumes that are nearby and close to them. The area that has come to be known as Hawaii exists within a hotbed of volcanic activity. Of course, this is true both above ground and below it as well. Volcanos play a huge part in how the earth has taken on its current shape as many islands and even many continents have been greatly impacted or formed by the activity of volcanoes. hile the topic of this report makes it very clear that the deep-mantle plume and Hawaiian volcanoes are very heavily linked and this report will explore this in great detail using the suggested resources.

Analysis

The deep-mantle plume activity around the…...

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Work Cited

Foulger, Gillian R., and Don L. Anderson. "The Emperor and Hawaiian Volconaic Chains." The Emperor and Hawaiian Chains. N.p., 11 Mar. 2006. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

Mastin, Larry G., Robert L. Christiansen, Donald A. Swanson, Peter H. Stauffer, and James W. Hendley, II. "Explosive Eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i? Fact Sheet 132-98." Explosive Eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i? Fact Sheet 132-98. N.p., 14 Oct. 2004. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

NPS. "Frequently Asked Questions: Volcano - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park

Service)." Nps.gov. N.p., 2016. Web. 20 Apr. 2016.

On Dec 16, 1999, in the Corre Grande region of Venezuela, there was simultaneous debris discharge in 20 streams over a distance of 50 Kms. The damage was so profound that it destroyed 25,000 houses and damaged more than 65,000 houses. The total loss was estimated at $2billion U.S. dollars. In view of the largescale damage and loss inflicted by this natural calamity the Venezuelan government decided to collaborate with Chinese researchers in designing an appropriate debris hazard control mechanism. Such debris flow events following the sudden eruption of a dormant volcano is an event of common occurrence in many regions across the world. For example the May 27, 1984 debris flow totally destroyed the copper mining fields in the Yunnan province of China. Similarly, the debris flow along with the water from the melted ice (due to sudden volcanic eruption) completely inundated the town of Armero in Colombia killing…...

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Bibliography

Wang Shige, "Characteristics of Large Low-frequency Debris Flow Hazards and Mitigation Strategies," Journal of Mountain Science Vol 2 No 1 (2005): 50~58,

Available online at, http://www.imde.ac.cn/journal/Vol_04/p50-58.pdf

Ronald W. Perry, John David Godchaux, 'Volcano hazard management strategies',

Journal of Disaster Prevention and Management, Apr 2005 Volume: 14 Issue: 2-Page: 183-195

Dress Review: David Tlale
David Tlale's orange chiffon dress with gold coins seems to achieve the impossible: it is form-fitting yet fluid. The top is a charcoal and gold-colored metallic jacquard sheath, while orange, Grecian-style drapery flows organically from the models' shoulders to her ankles. Bright coins adorn the front. According to Tlale, the coins are real and were custom-minted with his name and year on it, exhibiting an attention to detail that is typical of the meticulous, yet passionate designer's fashions. The dress was part of Tlale's Climate Change Couture Collection which launched during Africa Fashion Week at the South African Mint factory in 2011.

The vision for the dress began when Tlale was approached by the South Africa Mint to collaborate on an environmental awareness campaign. The Mint developed the coins and medallions minted with Tlale's name on it in his honor. Tlale is the first fashion designer in South…...

1. The impact of Mount St. Helens eruption on local flora and fauna: Explore how the eruption affected the ecosystem and biodiversity of the surrounding area.
2. The role of indigenous peoples in understanding and interpreting natural disasters like the Mount St. Helens eruption: Discuss how indigenous knowledge and traditions can provide valuable insights into the significance of such events.
3. The cultural and social implications of the Mount St. Helens eruption on local communities: Investigate how the eruption impacted the lives, beliefs, and traditions of the people living in the region.
4. The long-term environmental and geological effects of the Mount St.....