Virtue Ethics: The Good and the Bad About Virtue Ethics
The philosophy of virtue ethics holds that being a 'good person' or what one might call 'character' is the most important determinant of moral action. Virtue ethics is considered to be one of the major philosophical orientations in the field of normative ethics, along with consequentialism and deontology (Hursthouse 2010). Many consider it to be the oldest form of ethics, harkening back to Plato and Aristotle's attempts to define what constituted a good and moral person. Virtue ethics fell out of favor for many years, but there has been a revitalization of interest in the concept, in the wake of controversies over the flaws of consequentialism and deontology. To understand the strengths (and also some of the weaknesses) of virtue ethics, it is essential to understand the ethical systems to which the modern incarnation of virtue ethics was responding. The system…...

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References

Alexander, Larry & Michael Moore. (2007). Deontological ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved:  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/#DeoFoiCon 

Hursthouse, Rosalind. (2010). Virtue Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Retrieved:  http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/ethics-virtue

Virtue Ethics
Virtue-based vs. duty-based ethics: arguments and examples from Victor Hugo, Aristotle, Bernard Mayo, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and William Frankena

In the study of ethics and morality, there have been theoretical foundations in which it was argued that morality comes with being rather than doing, or that a true moral life is one that is a product of doing instead of being. Or, oftentimes, theoreticians and philosophers contend that morality must bear an existence of both concepts -- that is, that morality entails both doing and being.

In the study of the works of the philosophers and writers Victor Hugo, Aristotle, Bernard Mayo, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and William Frankena, it becomes evident that they have various opinions about the issue at hand: is morality simply a matter of doing good works, or one must have the right principles in order to become moral? Through their writings, each had contented their stance or position concerning…...

This will allow someone to move beyond the different emotions, so that they can be able to see how the different actions will affect the world around them. Despite some of the obvious weaknesses, you can be able to determine the most appropriate course of action, by asking questions and gaining more information. Once this achieved, you will have a greater sense of enlightenment, because you were able to see other views that could affect a situation. This is significant because it underscores how you can apply virtue ethics, to determine the most appropriate course of action. At which point, a person will have a sense of superiority by understanding the overall big picture. In this aspect, Aristotle is saying that to effectively apply virtue ethics requires that you must have a thirst for continuous knowledge and always use flexibility. When you put these two factors together, you will…...

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Bibliography

"Virtue Ethics." 194 -- 198. Print.

Swanton, Christine. "Virtue and Action." Virtue Ethics. New York: Oxford Press, 2003. 249 -- 254. Print.  http://books.google.com.jm/books?id=7zYg7G-ukKkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Swanton,+Christine.+drawbacks+virtue+ethics&source=bl&ots=EFCyzUoekB&sig=lAjDLWk2aOSTC2Ez9z50l9Ub7lQ&hl=en&ei=O-HMS-3bIJTC8wTVpITCBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false 

Wattles, J. "From Greek Reciprocity to Cosmopolitan Idealism." The Golden Rule. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 37 -- 39. Print  http://books.google.com/books?id=2ki3wFNNBEkC&pg=PA38&dq=golden+rule++aristotle&ei=puXMS4bQNoKuygS9yqCNCw&cd=4#v=onepage&q=golden%20rule%20%20aristotle&f=false

The question here arises, why did we have to return to ancient philosophy of virtue ethics? But interestingly while a great deal of credit is given to Aristotle and Plato, the modern moral philosophers such as Anscombe, Foot, Murdoch, Slote had mentioned in very precise terms the problems they found in Aristotelian ethics. They must have absorbed the writings of ancient philosophers since a lot is said about the moral philosophies of these great thinkers in books of modern philosophers, still the father of modern moral philosopher was not blind to the problems of following ancient terms and values. In his famous paper on the subject, Anscombe wrote:

Anyone who has read Aristotle Ethics and has also read modern moral philosophy must have been struck by the great contrasts between them. The concepts which are prominent among the moderns seem to be lacking, or at any rate buried or far in…...

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References

GEM Anscombe. "Modern Moral Philosophy" reprinted in Virtue Ethics. Roger Crisp, Michael Slote edition. (1997) Oxford University Press- Oxford Publication.

Deontological ethics are based on other theories that focus on duty and obligation. Immanuel Kant (1785) argued that an individual should "always act in such a way that you can also will that the maxim of your action become universal law" (p. v). It can be argued that Kant's arguments are echoed in a quote often attributed to Ghandi, "Be the change you want to see in the world" (Lewis, 2011). In other words, deontological ethics contend that individuals should lead by example and establish moral precedent through their virtuous actions.
Each of these theories is seen every day through in our actions and decisions. One of the virtue theories that I strive to embody is Eudemonism, which encourages me to be the best that I can be, and put forth the effort necessary to be successful in my endeavors. I believe that by being the best person I can…...

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References:

Athanassoulis, N. (2004, August 28). Virtue Ethics. Keele University, United Kingdom.

Updated 7 July 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2013.

Bentham, J. (1776). Fragment on Government. Retrieved 15 April 2013, from  http://www.constitution.org/jb/frag_gov.htm 

Day, C.D. (1997). Notes on utilitarianism. Retrieved 15 April 2013, from  http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/util.htm

virtues the proper starting point for ethical theory?
The debate about virtue ethics

Main issues

Critical analysis of virtue ethics criticism

Virtues should be the starting point for ethical theory

This paper revolves around the question that whether or not virtues are an appropriate starting point for ethical theory. I have presented the main criticism on virtue ethics theory followed by the defense of this theory by renowned virtue ethicists. There are three main schools of thought that have presented theories regarding ethics. In traditional normative ethical theories, deontologist, etiologist, and virtue ethics are the three perspectives. Virtue ethics has been gaining popularity as an alternative theory to deontologist and etiologist perspective of ethics. Main concerns in the virtue ethics approach are with the character, personality, environment and reasoning of the individual who acts. The main criticism of virtue ethics theory is that it does not provide action guidance. The criticism has been effectively…...

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Works Cited

Armstrong, Alan E. "Towards a strong virtue ethics for nursing practice." Nursing Philosophy 7.3 (2006): 110-124.

Driver, Julia. "Virtue theory." Contemporary debates in moral theory. Blackwell, 2006.

Hursthouse, Rosalind. "Normative virtue ethics." ETHICA (2013): 645-665.

Hursthouse, Rosalind. On Virtue Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Debate on Human Space Exploration on MarsIn the 21st century, life on earth became increasingly inhospitable: nuclear war between great powers had decimated the globe. Technology had advanced to the point where space exploration on Mars had become possible. The only question now was whether mankind should make that leap and take its adventures to a new planet. Mankind might be ready for space exploration on Mars, but was the universe ready for mankind?The question of whether or not to colonize Mars had been a topic of debate for many years. Some scientists believed that it was our moral responsibility to explore and colonize other planets, while others believed that it was both too risky and too expensive. Still, some others, arguing from an ethical point of view, said that mankind was replete with all sorts of moral problems and that to permit him to colonize a new planet would…...

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References

Ashby, M. A. (2021). The Shifts in Human Consciousness. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 18(1), 1-4.

Fischer, J. M. (2020). What\\\\\\'s with Free Will?: Ethics and Religion After Neuroscience. Wipf and Stock Publishers.

Tilley, J. J. (2022). Does Psychological Egoism Entail Ethical Egoism?. The Review of Metaphysics, 76(1), 115-133.

Nurses and the Ethics of Abortion
Abortion and Virtue Ethics

In the Crossfire: Nurses and the Ethics of Abortion

In the Crossfire: Nurses and the Ethics of Abortion

Nebraska's Attorney General, Jon Bruning, announced his efforts to revoke the license of the only nurse working at Dr. Leoy Carhart's abortion clinic in a suburb of Omaha (Funk, 2013). The revocation proceedings are based on allegations of substandard care and the delegation of patient care to unlicensed staff. Should the Attorney General be successful, Carhart would be faced with the task of hiring another nurse at a clinic that has been the focus frequent and aggressive anti-abortion activities. The news article by Funk (2013) highlights Dr. Carhart's past successes in challenging restrictive abortion laws before the U.S. Supreme Court, thereby implying the most recent allegations may be contaminated by motivations other than a concern for patient health and safety.

Such events are no longer rare in…...

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References

ANA. (2010). Reproductive health: ANA position statement. Retrieved 11 Mar. 2014 from  http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/Positions-and-Resolutions/ANAPositionStatements/Position-Statements-Alphabetically/Reproductive-Health.html .

Armstrong, A.E. (2006). Towards a strong virtue ethics for nursing practice. Nursing Philosophy, 7, 110-124.

Burlone, S., Edelman, A.B., Caughey, A.B., Trussell, J., Dantas, S., & Rodriquez, M.I., (2013). Extending contraceptive coverage under the Affordable Care Act saves public funds. Contraception, 87(2), 143-8.

Dehlendorf, C., Park, S.Y., Emeremni, C.A., Comer, D., Vincett, K., & Borrero, S. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in contraceptive use: Variation by age and women's reproductive experiences. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, published online ahead of prine 1 Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.037.

Religion, Libertarianism and Virtue Ethics
Religion is a social institution, which grows out of individuals' collective attempt to structure and understand the university (McGonigal, 2012). It is a natural consequence of human behavior and social groups. It endeavors to explain occurrences and social inequalities. In so doing, religion tends to justify inequalities, thus, provides a foundation for religious identification, which often breeds social conflict (McGonigal).

Libertarianism is a political philosophy, which claims that every person is the absolute owner of his own life (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). It believes that a person can do anything with himself or property for as long as he respects the rights of others to their own lives and properties. As an ethical theory, libertarianism asserts that the best political, social, and economic system is one, which governs the least. It confers the greatest personal or individual liberty while minimizing government action, regulation and sanction. It opposes…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carabelli, C. (2012). About sexual harassment in the workplace. eHow: Demand Media,

Inc. Retrieved on June 19, 2012 from http://www.ehow.com/info_8180410_sexual-harassment-workplace.html

Frazier, L. (2012). What is the difference between teleological and deontological ethics?

eHow: Demand Media, Inc. Retrieved on June 19, 2012 from http://www.ehow.com/info_8286914_difference-between-teleological-deontological-ethics.html

Ethical Perspectives
Virtue Ethics

Generally, virtue ethics emphasizes the motivation, or reason, for any particular act to determine whether or not it is ethical (Hursthouse, 1999). For example, if a person you know with certainty is totally innocent of a crime for which police are seeking to take him into custody, virtue ethics would permit you to lie to the authorities about his whereabouts and to permit that person to decide what he wants to do (including flee the state if that is his choice). As long as your true motivation was morally defensible (such as to protect an innocent person from wrongful arrest or prosecution) as opposed to motivated by a non-virtuous reason (such as for pay), virtue ethics would support your decision (Hursthouse, 1999).

Utilitarian Ethics

Generally, utilitarian ethics emphasizes the effect of a course of action on the entire community (Beauchamp & Childress, 2009). In the same case involving the person…...

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References

Beauchamp, T.L. And Childress, J.F. (2009). Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (6th

Edition). New York: Oxford University Press.

Halbert, T. And Ingulli, E. (2008). Law & Ethics in the Business Environment. Cincinnati:

West Legal Studies.

The broadest area of my life that requires certain virtues in order to do well is friendship. To be a good friend demands virtue; the bond of friendship can be easily broken when a person exhibits poor moral character. One reason why friendship depends on virtue is that friendship also requires trust. A friend is called someone who we can lean on, or whose shoulder we can cry on. In order to lean on someone, we need to be vulnerable with that person and vulnerability requires trust. The “telos” of friendship is rooted in the basic human need for intimacy, connection with others, and a healthy social life. Having close friends also leads to what Aristotle called eudaimonia, which means “happiness” or “flourishing,” (Hursthouse, 2016, p. 1). A person does not need to be extraverted, or around people all the time to experience eudaimonia but does at some point need…...

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References

Albert, T. (Producer), & Ramis, H. (Director). (1993). Groundhog day [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures.

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Roger Crisp.

Hursthouse, R. (2016). Virtue ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/#FormVirtEthi

Sandel, M.J. (2012). What isn’t for sale? The Atlantic. April 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/04/what-isnt-for-sale/308902/

http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/99036947.pdf

Like Aristotle's virtue-based ethics, utilitarians believe that happiness is the ultimate goal of human life and therefore of any ethical system that can be devised. Also like Aristotle, they perceived that to be virtuous required society; being virtuous when completely alone is impossible, as there is no one to be un-virtuous towards. This also means that individual happiness cannot be the only consideration in utilitarian ethics, but that the happiness or pleasure of the society must be measured to determine an act's ethical quality. Those acts which increased pleasure, or utility, were good; those which diminished utility, bad.
In this way, the utilitarian view of achieving happiness departed widely from Aristotle's. For him, happiness was a matter of personal fulfillment through the cultivation of virtues -- internal personal characteristics, not the act itself or its consequences, were the determiners of ethical behavior. In this way, Aristotle's system of virtue ethics…...

60). We condemn someone as immoral who refuses to help a motorist by the side of the road, but not someone who refuses to help a child with his or her extraneous cash -- personal 'gut' instinct in virtue ethics is prioritized morally over the end results, which Singer sees as faulty reasoning.
A third objection to virtue ethics is that it is culturally 'bound' to Western concepts of the self. In many societies, moral character is not based upon individual philosophy, but a sense of collective obligation. "Virtue ethics changes the kind of question we ask about ethics. Where deontology and consequentialism concern themselves with the right action, virtue ethics is concerned with the good life and what kinds of persons we should be" (Athanassoulis, 2010). However, philosophers who argue against a principle of moral relativism would state that this is not necessarily a 'bad thing' (Midgley 1981). Merely because…...

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References

Athanassoulis, Nafsika. (2010, July 7). Virtue ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Retrieved September 20, 2010 at  http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/ 

Midgley, Mary. (1981). Trying out one's sword. From Heart and mind.

Singer, Peter. (1999, September 5). The Singer solution to world poverty. The New York Times.

Preference for Virtue Ethics Theory
The virtue Ethics Theory is one of the most pragmatic moral theories as it addresses virtues that mould human character in its attempt to describe the good. The theory suggests that a good life and general well-being results from embracing virtues. It goes further to describe good, holistic life; proposing that it is a life that is lived in harmony with others around. In his view of humans, Aristotle considered people as both social and rational beings. It is evident that humans tend to coexist in groups. Therefore, the theory considers the group as being more important than an individual. The primary virtues encompassed are temperance, justice, courage and practical wisdom. All the virtues work in consonance. Thus, it would not be of much help to have one and not the others. Courage and temperance have a moral inclination. They help us build bravery. Self-control on…...

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WORKS CITED

Audi, Robert. "Virtue Ethics as A Resource In Business." Business Ethics Quarterly 22.2 (2012): 273-291. Business Source Complete. Web. 4 Apr. 2016.

Boss, Judith A. Ethics for Life: A Text with Readings. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011. Print.

Hursthouse, Rosalind. "Virtue Ethics." Stanford University. Stanford University, 2003. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.

Slote, Michael. "From Morality to Virtue." University Press Scholarship. 1995. Web. 05 Apr. 2016.

The three approaches to ethics today involve whether one does good out of (1) the need to maximize the well-being of the human race, (2) the need to live according to a moral rule ("Do unto others as you would have others do unto you") or (3) the belief that helping people is charitable and benevolent (virtue ethics). The Virtue Ethicists' central concepts are virtue, practical wisdom and eudaimonia.
A virtue, such as honesty, generosity, caring and helping, is not something learned or practiced until it becomes a habit. It is a disposition that comes from a mindset that cannot be observed by others in a single act. A virtuous person has thought about why it is valuable to be honest and caring and has taken it to be part of their disposition. They do not find otherwise in their life and are shocked whenever they do not find it…...

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Works Cited

Annas, Julia. The Morality of Happiness. New York: Oxford University Press. 1993

Crowell, Steven. "Existentialism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. 2004.

Dreyfus, Harold. What Computers Can't Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Harper Colophon. 1979.

Haugeland, John. Having Thought: Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. 1998.

1. The Essence of Thomas Aquinas's Natural Law Theory: An Exploration of Its Foundations and Implications

Discuss the metaphysical and ethical principles that underpin Aquinas's natural law theory.
Analyze the concept of the eternal law and its relationship to the natural law.
Examine the role of human reason in discerning the precepts of natural law and their binding force.

2. The Harmony of Faith and Reason in Aquinas's Summa Theologica: A Critical Examination

Trace the development of Aquinas's understanding of the relationship between faith and reason.
Explore the arguments Aquinas presents for the compatibility of faith and reason.
Evaluate the strengths....

I. Introduction

A. Background and Significance
- Emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing presence in society
- Potential benefits of AI, such as automation, efficiency, and personalized experiences

B. Ethical Concerns

- Ethical implications of AI in areas such as:
- Privacy and data security
- Job displacement and economic inequality
- Bias and discrimination
- Automation of decision-making and accountability

II. Literature Review

A. Existing Research on Ethical Implications of AI
- Review of previous studies that have examined ethical issues related to AI
- Identification of key ethical concerns and perspectives

B. Theoretical Frameworks
- Discussion of ethical theories that can be applied to AI, such as:
....

The dynamic intersection between philosophical ethics and Christian theology is a complex and rich area of study that involves examining the moral principles and values that guide human behavior and decision-making, in both secular and religious contexts. This paper aims to explore this intersection, tracing the historical development of ethical thought in Western philosophy and Christian theology, and examining the ways in which these two disciplines have influenced each other over time.

One of the central themes in this exploration is the concept of moral realism, which asserts that moral values and principles are objective and independent of human beliefs or....

1. The Ethical Implications of Abortion: A Philosophical Analysis

Explore the complex ethical considerations surrounding abortion, considering the rights of the fetus, the moral status of the mother, and the impact on society as a whole.
Analyze different philosophical perspectives on abortion, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.

2. Legal and Constitutional Issues in Abortion: A Historical and Comparative Review

Trace the history of abortion laws and regulations in the United States, examining landmark court cases and the evolution of legal protections for fetal and maternal rights.
Compare abortion laws and policies in different countries, considering legal frameworks, enforcement mechanisms,....