The raids led to the killing of so many people and even captured some youth and maidens who were forced to pack for them all that they had looted which included food stuffs and merchandize in their ships.
Vikings were inhuman in that they went ahead to attack the Christian churches and monasteries where they robbed them and even set the buildings on fire burning the innocent and peaceful villagers who didn't know what was happening. They would rape women at will and take their children as slaves.

At times they could pretend to be normal traders where they stopped to do trading but unfortunately they turned to be pirates without the other traders knowing because they could attend to their traders without discriminating but at the end they suffered hence fearing the Vikings. One notable Viking was the fierce 10th century warrior Eric the ed. He led many raids in…...

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References

History World, (2012). History of the Vikings. Retrieved August 6, 2012 from  http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab86 

Kim Siddorn (1992),Vikings. Retrieved Dec 10, 2002. From

 http://www.regia.org/viking.html 

Legends and Chronicles, (2012). Viking Warriors.

In contrast, both the French and the English had abandoned their sacred places once the Norsemen had come and devastate them. Seeing that the Norsemen could break through the defensive of the Irish walls at the time, the Irishmen knew that they had to come up with something stronger that would keep enemies away. As a result, they turned to building tunnels which had been reinforced with stone walls, hidden from oppressors.
The Vikings had contributed in the evolution of the Irish as they had been the only contact between Ireland and the outside world at the time. The Viking towns inland of Ireland had not counted on having political power, but on the trade business. ith the Vikings now providing help to the Irish and maintaining a flourishing trading business, they partly made people forget about the early fierce Viking invaders. It would seem that the concept of Vikings…...

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Works Cited

Flanagan, Marie Therese. 2001. The Vikings in Ireland. The Doyle Page.   (accesed December 10, 2008)http://www.doyle.com.au/vikings_in_ireland.htm 

Johnston, Wesley. Vikings in Ireland. Wesleyjohnston.com.   (accesed December 10, 2008)http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/vikings.html 

Kendrick, T.D. 1930. A History of the Vikings. NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS.

2001. The VIKING AGE in IRELAND. National Center for Technology in Education. (accesed December 10, 2008)http://www.ncte.ie/viking/vikage.htm

Vikings, the Great RaidersThe Vikings were feared raiders for roughly three centuries, or approximately 790 AD to 1065 AD.[footnoteRef:2] They took slaves, pillaged, raped, looted, burned, and leveled villages; later they began to winter over in the regions they conquered; and in England they even acquired their own kingdom known as Danelaw. These raiders were fierce, and accounts from Christian monks at the time reveal how absolutely brutal the situation must have been: one monk writing in 860 AD reported on the terror of seeing the Viking ships approaching: The number of ships grows: the endless stream of Vikings never ceases to increase. Everywhere the Christians are the victims of massacres, burnings, plundering. The Vikings conquer all in their path and nothing resists them: They seize ordeaux, Perigeux, Limoges, Angouleme, and Toulouse. Angiers, Tours, and Orleans are annihilated and an innumerable fleet sails up the Seine.[footnoteRef:3] Another monk in 884…...

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Bibliography“5 Reasons the Vikings were So Successful at Raiding European Villages,” Medium, 2021.   Albert. “Ibn Fadlan’s Account of Scandinavian Merchants on the Volga,” Journal of English and German Philology, 22.1 (1923), 54-67.Jakobsen, Hanne. “Old Arabic Texts Describe Dirty Vikings,” Science Norway, 2022.  https://sciencenorway.no/archaeology-history-art-and-literature-forskningno/old-arabic-texts-describe-dirty-vikings/1388613 Lula, Muneera. “The Vikings: Raiders or Settlers?” Manchester Historian, 2015. https://manchesterhistorian.com/2015/the-vikings-raiders-or-settlers/“Vikings as Raiders,” History on the Net, n.d.  https://www.historyonthenet.com/vikings-as-raidershttps://medium.com/lessons-from-history/5-reasons-the-vikings-were-so-successful-at-raiding-european-villages-744dcc6c3230 Cook,

Britain
The Celts

Celtic history and influence in Britain spanned several centuries: between the 7th and 1st centuries BCE. The Celts originated in Central and Western Europe and they eventually migrated to the British Isles. The Celts would have a huge impact on early British linguistic and cultural development. They would later be considered adversaries of the omans, who successfully dominated and nearly obliterated Celtic culture on the islands. After the downfall of the oman Empire and waning oman rule in Great Britain, Celtic culture enjoyed a small resurgence. However, Druidic religion and culture would be overshadowed by Christianity.

However, the lingering effects of Celtic culture remained strong throughout British history. Celtic influence on British culture focuses on language, weapons, culture, religion, and art. Language and cultural identity are inextricable from Celtic influence, and many Celtic languages are still spoken throughout the British Isles today including Welsh, Manx, and both Scottish and…...

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References

"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred the Great."

Chapter Outlines

"If the victim refuses water, is vomiting, or there are changes in the level of consciousness, they should not be given anything to eat or drink (http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/heat.html#treat)."
Conclusion

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition which should be treated as quickly as possible. hen Korey Stringer began to exhibit signs and symptoms of heat stroke, such as complaining of being sick during practice and difficult breathing, help should have immediately been called for. He should have been moved to a cool place and measures should have been taken to cool down his body.

By understanding and implementing first aid measures recommended by the American Red Cross, victims have a greater chance of survival with fewer potential side effects.

orks Cited

American Red Cross - Heat ave. (accessed 18 April 2005).

ORIGINALDOCUMENT http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/heat.html#treat)....

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Works Cited

American Red Cross - Heat Wave. (accessed 18 April 2005).

ORIGINALDOCUMENT  http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/keepsafe/heat.html#treat ).

Sorkin, however, posits no argument per se. ather, his book offers insight into how the financial crisis manifested from a far more personal perspective of those involved than anything else. The book is informative in nature, and give insight into some of the thought processes and activities those on the outside may not otherwise be exposed to or privy to. The title of the book sums it up best, and the book outlines how the banks and the primary players and stakeholders have become too big to fail. The book highlights the self-interest of those in charge of some of the biggest financial institutions in the world and their blatant disregard for Main Street.
The book has a place in the larger academic debates raised within public knowledge because it adds to the public's real knowledge of those involved in the nation's financial industry and government offices. Instead of speculating…...

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References

Cassidy, J. (2008). Anatomy of a meltdown, New Yorker, 84(39), 1-756.

Cherry, C. (1998). God's new Israel: Religious interpretations of American destiny.

UNC Press Books.

Cohan, W. (2010, Nov. 27). The power of failure. New York Times. Retrieves from www.thenewyorktimes.com.

1857 Indian Rebellion been elusive to characterize as "The first war of Indian independence?"
Lack of Strategy

ad Generalship

Shortage of Military Skills

Unity in Communities

The first war of Indian independence in 1857 is also characterized in terms of mutiny and the movement of civil disobedience. A brief about the historic events taking place during 1957 revile that the movement started with a notion to refuse using the cartridges used by the ritish Military. The greased cartridges were provided to the native soldiers of the military. The solider MangalPanday of arrackpur in engal refused to use these cartridges on 28th April 1957 and he also shot two of his superior officers of ritish military. He was caught and hanged for instigating a single-handed revolt on 8th April, 1957. He is also named as the first martyr of freedom movement. [2: .RaghunathRai. Themes in Indian History (New Delhi: VK Publications, 2011), 225.]

The struggle started…...

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Bibliography:Alison Blunt. "Embodying war: British women and domestic defilement in the Indian -- Mutiny --, 1857 -- 8.," Journal of Historical Geography 26, no. 3 (2000): 403-428.Andrew Ward. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and Indian Mutiny of 1857, London: John Murray Publishers, 1996.Bipan Chandra, eds. India's Struggle for Independence: 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1989.Clare Anderson. The Indian Uprising of 1857-8: Prisons, Prisoners and Rebellion, New York: Anthem Press, 2007.George Bruce Malleson and Colonel Malleson. Kay's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8, Vol. 1, London: Hesperides Press, 2006.Mukherjee, Rudrangshu. Awadh in revolt, 1857-1858: a study of popular resistance, New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2002.Pati, Biswammy, eds. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India: Exploring Transgressions, Content, and Direction New York: Rutledge, 2010.Rai, Raghunath.Themes in Indian History, New Delhi: VK Publications, 2011.Richard Collins. The Great Indian Mutiny: A dramatic account of the Sepoy Rebellion, USA: Dutton & Co, 1964.SailendraNath Sen. History Of Freedom Movement In India (1857-1947), New Delhi: New Age, 2009.Samuel Matrin Burke and Salin al-din Quraishi.The British raj in India: A Historical Review, London: Oxford University Press, 1997. Simon Paul Mackenzie. Revolutionary armies in the modern era: a revisionist approach, New York: Routledge, 1997.Taylor, P.J.O. What really happened during the mutiny: a day-by-day account of the major events of 1857-1859 in India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997.The Great Mutiny: India 1857. Christopher Hibbert; Viking Press, 1978.]

Conclusion:

The rebellion events of the 1857 war were started through a soldier revolting the orders of its superiors and killing the officials of British authority. The results of violent actions against the rebel soldier sparked a wave of revolution and instigated the rebel activities. The later review of the reasons and motives behind the rebel actions provides an account elaborating these actions. The actions of the soldiers were primarily religious. The reasons of disobedience were that the soldiers believed that the cartridges provided to them are coated with the pig and cow fat which is not allowed in their religion.

The religious ground so the revolt soon turned into a national revolt after the execution of the rebel soldier. The soldiers of his regiment and others showed their solidarity with the forces and started a revolt movement. The movement soon turned into a violent activity as soon the locals joined the forces to ensure that the British forces are fought and sent back to their country. The local lords and land holders did not patronize with the revolutionary forces and sided with the British occupation. The turning point of the movement from purely a religiously motivated action into a national independence war is observed when the unsatisfied locals aided the rebel soldiers. The locals fought side by side with the forces and captured various strategic and symbolic places of the foreign establishment.

The question rises that the rebel actions and nationalized efforts of locals to regain their freedom from the British forces remains acts of revolt and rebellion events. They fall short of a national movement and a nationwide war for independence. More importantly the actions of the rebels also remained unaccepted as to be noted as the first war of Indian independence. The historians provide various reasons after the review of events and the effects of the war. The major reasons are described as the lack of national motive, bad generalship, and lack of war skills.

Toward the end of the decade, Wall Street investment firms began hiring PhDs in mathematics and physics to create incredibly complex algorithms capable of modeling elements of the stock and futures markets. In most cases, the creators of these algorithms knew next to nothing about the financial industry, and the executives who employed them knew (literally) nothing about the mechanisms their firms had begun to rely on for their trading strategy. Destabilization of the Home Mortgage Industry:
In the early 1970s, stock analysts at Salomon Brothers, another Wall Street investment firm, developed a new kind of security based on home mortgages, called mortgage-backed securities. In principle, this allowed the conversion of illiquid (i.e. non- tradable) assets like the debt represented by home mortgages to be converted into a tradable commodity for profit. This new form of commercial transaction evolved into incredible levels of complexity after the widespread incorporation of mathematical…...

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References

Phillips, Kevin. "Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism" New York: Viking (2008).

Nevertheless, the remnants of Anglo-Saxon gods can be still heard in the English days of the wee: Tiw, god of war, gave way to Tuesday, Woden, the god of storms, wisdom, and the dead, became Wednesday, and Frige, love-goddess, took berth of Friday. The language of the Saxons is known as Old English and was, before the Germans, based on the runic alphabet. Written literacy was introduced in full with the Christianity brought from the Mediterranean, and was fostered by the Norman ruling class, which oversaw the agricultural, sylvan lives of the early trading Saxons.
Prehistory should be first mentioned since it not only locates the starting point of the historical development of our continent in the Central European cradle or our people," agreed anthropologists in the early half the last century.

The early cultures that populated the nascent Western World were all unique; proximity, difficulty, and a mastery of seafaring…...

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Howie, Elizabeth. "Early Insular Illuminated Manuscripts: Merging of Oral and Literate Cultures." Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. p. 34.

Mead, William R. "The Viking Achievement: A Survey fo the Society and Culutre of Early Medieval Scandinavia." Geographical Review. Vol. 61, No. 4. (Oct. 1971). P. 621.

New Rules for Historical Instruction in Germany." American Anthropologist. Vol. 36, No. 1. (Jan - Mar, 1934.) p. 139.

Dutch invasion of razil
In the 17th Century razil found itself the centre of contesting and warring European powers. The Portuguese colonization of razil was followed by the invasion from Holland as well as by French attempts to establish a presence in the country. Historians however describe the Dutch invasion of razil in the 17th century as one of the most damaging, imposing and far-reaching occupations of the country. This was mainly due to the well-organized and well-planned nature of the Dutch intrusion.

The Dutch invasion was an attempt not merely at establishing some fortuitous harbors for trade but was colonization in the true sense of the term. One of the obvious reasons was export of natural resources such as sugar.

The Dutch occupation of razil presents a number of pertinent and important questions that will form the fulcrum of the discussion in this paper. These are - the reasons for the…...

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Bibliography

Alden, Dauril, ed. Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil: Papers of the Newberry Library Conference. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

Alden, Dauril and Warren Dean, eds. Essays concerning the Socioeconomic History of Brazil and Portuguese India. Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida, 1977.

Azevedo, Fernando de. Brazilian Culture: An Introduction to the Study of Culture in Brazil. Translated by Crawford, William Rex. New York: Macmillan, 1950.

Barbour, Violet. Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1950.

Icelandic Sagas
The Saga of Grettir the Strong and Egil's Saga tell us much about the life in Scandinavia at the time and about the culture that produced these works. In this regard, they are similar to other epics and sagas which convey information about the life of the past, from the Homeric epics through Virgil, Beowulf, El Cid, and many others. The plots might emphasize heroic actions and great battles, but at a more basic level, the sagas tell us how the people lived, how they related to the world, and what they thought about the world in which they lived.

The characters in the Icelandic saga Egil's Saga live in a brutish world where they have to fight almost contantly to live and protect themselves and their kin. The rules of conscience such as we know them today do not apply to characters such as Egil, who commits his first…...

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Works Cited

Egil's Saga. New York: Penguin, 1976.

The Saga of Grettir the Strong. The Online Medieval and Classic Library. Berkeley, California: University of California at Berkeley, 1995. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Grettir/.

It was almost terminally weakened by Andrei Boglyubsky, prince of a rival Slavic clan, who attacked and plundered Kiev in 1169; he then took on the title of Grand Prince. He chose not to rule from Kiev, however. His decision marked the beginning of the end of Kievan us' and the city of Kiev's influence.
Starting in 1223, large armies of Mongols began invading the region, further weakening the power of Kiev. As that city's power waned, Moscow's grew. By 1308, the Metropolitan of the Church chose to move his see to Moscow, furthering the transference of power from Kievan us' to ussia.

It was during Ivan III's reign that Kiev was finally liberated from the menace of the Tatars. Since Byzantium had fallen to the Turks in 1453, Ivan proclaimed ussia to be the successor state to Byzantium, a claim that was enhanced by Ivan III's 1472 marriage to Sophia…...

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References:

Kievan Rus'. Emuseum@Minnesota State University, Mankato.

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/kievanrus.html.

Kievan Rus'. Wikipedia.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus .

Kies, Lisa. The Iconography of the Russian Iconostasis. http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/iconostasis.html.

BluetoothTM is a low cost, low power, short-range radio technology- originally perceived as cable replacement alternative for the cable / wire connected devices such as mobile phone hand, headsets, and portable computers. The BluetoothTM's goals expanded to include standardized wireless communications between any electrical devices and created a notion of Personal Area Network. The write-up traces history of BluetoothTM starting with its unusual name to formation of Special Interest Group, SIG's formation, its growth culminating into implementation of version 1.0b.
Version 1.0 of the Bluetooth came out in 1999-starting as early as 1994 by engineers from Ericsson. The specification is named after Harald Blatand- a tenth century Viking. Ericsson Corp. founded the Bluetooth SIG in February 1998, Intel Corp., IBM Corp., Toshiba Corp., and Nokia Mobile Phones. In December 1999, core promoters group enlarged to include four major players, namely, Micorsoft, Lucent, 3 Com and Motorola.

Then, the components of BluetoothTM: the…...

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References

Books

Bluetooth Revealed, Brent, Miller. September 2000, Prentice Hall PTR

Bluetooth Demystified, Nathan Muller, J.J. September 2000, Prentice Hall PTR

Web Addresses

History Of Communication Timeline
TIMELINE: HITORY OF COMMUNICATION

(with special reference to the development of the motorcycle)

35,000 BCE.

First paleolithing "petroglyphs" and written symbols. This is important in the history of communication because it marks the first time humans left a recorded form of communication. Also, these written symbols became the ultimate source of later alphabets.

Wikipedia, "Petroglyph."

12,600 BCE.

Cave paintings at Lascaux show early representational art. This is important in the history of communication because the caves depict over 2000 figures, including abstract symbols. More recent research suggests these may record astronomical information.

OURCE: Wikipedia, "Lascaux."

3400 BCE.

First surviving umerian pictograms demonstrate a primitive form of record keeping. This is important in the history of communication because pictograms, together with ideograms, represent a primitive form of writing, in which a symbol either means what it looks like, or represents a single idea.

OURCE: Wikipedia, "Pictogram."

3300 BCE.

Invention of the wheel will transform transportation and communication both. This is…...

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St. Hubbins, David and Tufnel, Nigel. "Stonehenge." London: Polymer, 1984.

Thompson, Hunter S. Hell's Angels. New York: Modern Library,1966.

Wikipedia.org

In June, 1966he first appeared in Covent Garden in another Donizetti role, Tonio in la Fille du egiment and was so skilled at the difficult range of the role the press dubbed him the "King of the High C's" (Woodstra, Brennan and Schrott, iv; (Ah Mes Amis - Live at Covet Garden 1966).
He began recording and adding to his repetoire; 1969 opposite enata Scotto in I Lombardi, the rarely performed I Caputelti e I Montecchi, and a complete L'Elisir d'Amore with his now famous friend, Sutherland. On Feburary 17, 1972, Pavarotti made a stunning breakthrough at the Metropolitan Opera in La Fille, receiving 17 curtain calls and wild raves from both the crowd and critics; as well as doting praise from Mirella Freini (emembering Pavarotti; a Mes Amis - Live at the Met 1972).

From then on, Pavarotti was in demand as a world-class tenor. He was brought into the…...

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REFERENCES

"Ah Mes Amis - Live at the Met 1972." 1972. You Tube. November 2010 .

"Ah Mes Amis - Live at Covet Garden 1966." June 1966. YouTube. November 2010 .

Arendt, P. "It Was All About the Voice." 7 September 2007. The Guardian. November 2010 .

Block, M. "60 Minutes Story About Singer." 15 October 2004. Television Newswriting Workship. November 2010 .

Norman Theory of Russia

The Norman Theory of Russia, proposed by German historians in the 18th century, posits that the foundations of Russian statehood were laid by Vikings known as Varangians. It argues that these Scandinavian warriors established themselves as rulers over the East Slavic tribes, bringing with them their political and military organization.

Essay Topics for Exploring the Norman Theory of Russia:

1. Origins and Evolution of the Norman Theory

Discuss the historical context and intellectual origins of the Norman Theory.
Trace the development of the theory from its early proponents to its acceptance and subsequent challenges.

2. Archaeological and Historical Evidence Supporting....

1. Did you know that the Vikings were skilled navigators and traders who played a key role in connecting different regions during the first wave of globalization?

2. Long before modern globalization, the Vikings were sailing across seas, exchanging goods, ideas, and cultures with distant lands.

3. The Vikings expansion and exploration had a significant impact on the interconnectedness of the world during the early medieval period.

4. Through their extensive trade networks and explorations, the Vikings were instrumental in shaping the global economy of their time.

5. The Vikings interactions....

1. In an era before the advent of modern transportation and communication, the Vikings emerged as unlikely pioneers of globalization. Their audacious maritime expeditions not only connected disparate lands but also fostered a vibrant exchange of ideas, goods, and cultural influences that laid the foundation for the first wave of globalization.

2. Like a thread woven through the tapestry of history, the Vikings left an enduring mark on the interconnectedness of the world. Through their relentless exploration and trade, they forged connections that transcended geographical boundaries and sowed the seeds of cultural diversity that characterizes globalization today.

....