The history of criminology can be traced back to the 19th Century when theories regarding the origin of criminal behavior and traits were developed by Cesare Lombroso. On the contrary, victimology is a recent scientific discipline that started in Europe after the Second World War as a means of understanding the link between criminals and victims (Lee, n.d.).
Focus Points:

One of the major differences between victimology and criminology is their divergent focus points and scope of analysis. Criminology emphasizes on studying the criminal, the offenses, and the intentions behind the criminal activity. This discipline also studies how the public and criminal justice systems react to the criminal, rate of recidivism, and punishment ("Criminology v Victimology," 2008). Criminology is regarded as a retributive model of criminal justice since its main objective is to prevent crime and punish the criminal. On the contrary, victimology normally focuses on victim instead of the criminal…...

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References:

"Criminology V Victimology." (2008, July 16). Associated Content from Yahoo. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/872371/criminology_v_victimology.html?cat=17 

Deihl, B. (2010, December 1). Criminology vs. Victimology. Retrieved November 22, 2011,

from http://beau-diehl.suite101.com/crimonology-versus-victimology

Grivette, E. (2011, January 3). Victimology vs. Criminology. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from http://erin-grivette.suite101.com/victimology-vs.-criminology

Victimology is the branch of criminology dealing with victim characteristics, victim data, and patterns of victimization. The study of victimology is useful to criminologists for a variety of reasons. Victimology can help show which populations are at greater risk for which crimes, thereby allowing more effective public policies and anti-crime initiatives. Likewise, knowing which populations are at greater risk for which crimes can help law enforcement prevent crimes. Victimology can also be used to point out potential flaws or loopholes in the criminal justice system, which may be harmful to victims or to justice in general. One of the most important functions of victimology is to allow for the development of victim assistance programs. Programs to help victims range from legal counsel and advocacy to ongoing support and psychological counsel, to community-wide safety measures. Victimology takes the focus off the criminal and even the crime. Doing so helps divert media…...

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References

Conklin, J.E. (2012). Criminology. 11th Edition. Prentice-Hall.

Fattah, E.A. (2000). Victimology: past, present, and future. Criminologie 33(1), 17-46.

FBI (2014). Rights of federal crime victims. Retrieved online:  http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/victim_assistance/victim_rights 

Morton, R.J., Tillman, J.M. & Gaines, S.J. (n.d.). Serial murder. FBI. Retrieved online:  http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2014/october/serial-killers-part-8-new-research-aims-to-help-investigators-solve-cases/serial-murder-pathways-for-investigations

" (Sherman and Strang, 2007) Findings include that restorative justice: (1) substantially reduced repeat offending for some offenders but not all; (2) Doubled (or more) the offense brought to justice as diversions from criminal justice; (3) reduced crime victims' post-traumatic stress symptoms and related costs; (4)provided both victims and offenders with more satisfaction with justice than criminal justice; (5) reduced desires of victim for violent revenge on offenders; (6) reduced the costs of criminal justice when used as a diversion; and (7) reduced recidivism more than prison (adults) or as well as prison (juveniles). (Sherman and Strang, 2007) Three best practices are stated for bringing about an increase and for provide focus of investment in restorative justice interventions which include: (1) Restorative justice "seems more effective when it is focused on the kinds of offences that have a personal victim, who can - at least in principle - be invited…...

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Bibliography

Holder, Robin (2001) Domestic and Family Violence: Criminal Justice Interventions. Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse. Issue Paper 3. 2001. Online available at http://www.austdvclearinghouse.unsw.edu.au/Word%20Files/Issues_Paper%203.doc

Kauzlarich, David (2001) Toward a Victimology of State Crime. Journal of Critical Criminology 10: 173-194, 2001. Kluwer Law International. The Netherlands. Online available at (http://professorhaydensmith.com/crju524/week2/Kauzlarich%20et%20al%20(2002)%20Toward%20a%20Victimology%20of%20State%20Crime.pdf

Koss, Mary P. (2000) Blame, Shame and Community: Justice Responses to Violence Against Women. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse. 2000. Online available at  http://www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/koss/koss.html 

McCold, Paul (1995) Restorative Justice: The Role of the Community. Paper presented at the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Annual Conference, Boston, March 1995. International Institute for Restorative Practices. Online available at  http://www.iirp.org/library/community3.html

The Routine Activities Theory states that crime occurs because specific conditions all come together at the same time (Karmen, 2003). There needs to be an offender who is motivated and a target that is considered to be suitable by that offender. The only other thing needed is an absence of guardians (Karmen, 2003). That last requirement actually occurs quite often, because there are very few places where there is real security. There are many, many private spaces, such as the insides of homes or parks or other areas where there are very few people around to help a crime victim. ecause of that, the Routine Activities Theory basically shows that there are people everywhere who will commit a crime if they can get away with it, and there are always people who are available to be victimized simply by virtue of existing in a place where there is no…...

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Bibliography

Karmen, A. Crime victims: An introduction to victimology. New York, NY: Wadsworth Publishing. 2003. Print.

Sebba, L. 1996. Third parties, victims and the criminal justice system. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. 1996. Print.

Van Ness, D.W. Crime and its victims: what we can do. New York, NY: InterVarsity Press. 1986. Print.

Victimology
The Depressed: According to the Maurer School of Law Protective Order Project (2012), "Children who witness the abuse of their mothers are at in increased risk for emotional and behavioral disturbances, such as withdrawal, low self-esteem," and other disturbances to the individual's self-perception vs. perception of the outside world. An example of how an indirect depressed victim might react would be for a child to stop going out with friends. A direct depressed victim might stop doing her favorite hobbies like swimming or playing music.

The Acquisitive: The acquisitive type seeks personal gain from the situation, albeit in dysfunctional ways. An indirect victim of abuse might, for example, internalize the violent behaviors of the father because he can see that his mother is submissive after the parents have a big fight. Knowing that the yelling and occasional hitting has worked in his father's favor, the child then starts bullying fellow children…...

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References

Bogan, S. (2011). Von Hentig's Theory of Victimology and Domestic Violence Victims. Retrieved online:  http://voices.yahoo.com/von-hentigs-theory-victimology-domestic-violence-9030427.html?cat=72 

Maurer School of Law Protective Order Project (2012). About domestic violence. Retrieved online:  http://www.law.indiana.edu/pop/domestic-violence.shtml

If the victim had a blog or home page then we would of course use that to discover more about her lifestyle, personality, and choice of friends. If she had been a member of an online dating service or similar social networks, then we might discover numerous leads. The victim might have agreed to go on a date with a man she met online and that man might be the perpetrator.
A toxicology report and autopsy should reveal whether the victim had been drinking or using drugs that night. In fact, the victim might have been drinking at the bar near where she was found. We will need to interview employees of that bar who were working on the night of the murder. Her appearance, her state of mind, and her interaction with others at the bar including but not limited to the person(s) she was with might reveal key…...

According to incarcerated serial rapist Brad Morrison, certain deterrents can prevent predatory attacks "like, if they had a dog, then forget it. Even a small one makes to much noise. If I saw a pair of construction boots, for example, out on the porch or on the landing, I walked right on by" (Cooper, King, & McHoes, 175). The authors argue that by taking these simple measures, the chances that a predator will find you vulnerable and an easy target are reduced.
Victims of rape and sexual assault are not the only prey that predators target. Children are also prone to being considered weak and defenseless in the eyes of criminals. Child molesters and sexual predators often seek out children who are either playing outside alone or are in a situation that allows quick access to an unmonitored child (Cooper, King, & McHoes, 76). The real life child kidnapping and…...

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References

Cooper, G., King, M., and McHoes, T. (2007). Predators: Who They Are and How to Stop Them.

New York: Prometheus Books.

In that regard, optimal criminal justice functioning would be easier to achieve if law enforcement agents and prosecutors learned to better protect victims of crimes and other witnesses who cooperate with their investigations. Ultimately, this would increase the success of prosecutions by removing the greatest impediment to cooperation that frequently causes victims and other witnesses to decline assisting law enforcement investigations and prosecutions, especially in high-crime areas.

Theme #3 -- Penal Institutional Culture that Promotes Recidivism

The third theme is the insufficient emphasis on the welfare of offenders within penal institutions. Specifically, penal institutions are environments where the strong and ruthless prey on the weak and comparatively innocent. As a result, the penal institutional culture demands that offenders maintain gang-like affiliations, typically based strictly on race and on neighborhood identity on the streets. That mentality fuels violence instead of rehabilitation and also promotes the intensification of criminal inclinations, particularly among first-time offenders…...

Victimology
Restorative Justice

Listen to the Restorative Justice podcast. View the video The Woolf Within. Citing specific victims and offenders profiled in the video or podcast, and using what you learned about restorative justice from your readings, answer the following:

Why do individuals (both victims and offenders) agree to engage in restorative justice meetings?

What were the positive and negative outcomes of these meetings for the persons profiled?

Please post one original response. Each original response should be a minimum of 125 words in length.

Victims may agree to restorative justice meetings to gain a sense of closure about the crime they suffered. They may also want to confront the perpetrator so they can speak to him or her, and show that his or her crime had real implications for a human being. Perpetrators may feel genuine remorse. Part of the rehabilitative efforts of the criminal justice system are to make it clear to those who…...

Victimology
In recent years, information about the widespread problems of sexual abuse have become more readily available and less secretive than ever before in Western culture history. Rape and molestation are reported on the news and to police agencies with a great deal more consistency than in decades past. Although the subject remains extremely taboo in most circles, it is widely known that tens of thousands of children in America alone are the victims of sexual abuse in some form. Not only are thousands of children being sexually abused, but many of these are permanently affected by the crimes against them and by a surrounding culture in which sexual coercion and violence are common. ecause of this, many juveniles are becoming not only targets but also perpetrators of sexual violence. "Studies of adult sex offenders suggest another dimension of the problem: many of these offenders began their sexually abusive behavior in…...

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Bibliography

Dannison, Linda; Greydanus, Donald; Patel, Dilip; Pratt, Helen; Sloane, Mark; Walcott, Delores. "Adolescent Sexual Offenders: Issues for Pediatricians." International Pediatrics, 16.2. 2001.  http://www.int-pediatrics.org/PDF/Volume%2016/16-2/greydanus.pdf 

Focus Adolescent Services. "Did You Know..." Adolescent Sex Offenders. 1999.  http://www.focusas.com/AdolescentSexOffenders.html 

Liberated Christians. (1997) "Childhood Sexuality" Liberated Christians. www.libchrist.com/bible/child.html

NOPD. New Orleans Police Department Online. 2004. http://www.nopdonline.com/comstat.htm

An Overview of Victimology and Its Implication for Helping Professionals and Law Enforcement Authorities Unfortunately, people are victimized all of the time in countless ways, including by criminal elements such as shysters and crooks who intentionally defraud them as well by otherwise-legitimate sources such as politicians and the mainstream media. In the vast majority of cases, people manage to overcome the adverse effects of these events without any significant complications. In some cases, however, people may succumb to the effects of being a victim by developing phobias or other mental health disorders that adversely affect their quality of life and limit their ability to lead a normal, productive life. Therefore, the study of victimology and its guiding principles can provide practitioners in all fields with a better understanding concerning how victims respond to traumatic events and what can be done to mitigate these outcomes. Finally, a summary of the research and…...

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References

Black’s law dictionary. (1990). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

Dussich, J. P. (2006). Victimology: Past, present and future. Tokyo: United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders.

Routledge, C. (2016, November 12). The growth of a victimhood culture. Psychology Today. Retrieved from

Shoham, S. G. (2010). International handbook of victimology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Walklate, S. (2013, Annual). Victims, trauma, testimony. Nottingham Law Journal, 22, 77-79.

Williams, A. (2003, January 27). Con: ... but not at this cost: Admissions policies like Michigan\\'s focus not on who, but what, you are-perpetuating a culture of victimhood. Newsweek, 33-34.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/more-mortal/201611/the-growth-victimhood-culture.

Victims and Victimization
Victimology focuses on crime and its victims. ithin victimology, there are several approaches to the practice including positivist, radical, and critical victimology, and there are a limitless number of individuals that may be classified as victims as crimes affect people of all ages, including the people surrounding and involved in victims' lives.

ithin victimology, there are three different approaches to be considered: positivist, radical, and critical. Positivist victimology holds that certain victims may contribute to their own victimization (Dignan 32). On the other hand, in radical victimology, attention is focused on the structural factors "relating to the way society is organized, and also the role of the state itself and the legal system in the social construction of both victims and offenders" (33). Critical victimology attempts to examine issues in a wider social context and focuses on how and why certain actions are considered to be criminal.

Victimization is a…...

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Works Cited

AuCoin, Kathy & Beauchamp, Diane. "Impacts and Consequences of Victimization, GSS 2004."

Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Juristat. Vol. 27, No. 1. 27 November 2008. Web. 2 May 2013.

"Characteristics of Abuse." Tahoe Safe Alliance. Web. 1 May 2013.

Dignan, James. Understanding Victims and Restorative Justice. New York: Open Press

This combination has brought about greater political support for crime victims' rights legislation and increased funding for crime victim services (Victimology Theory, 2003)
There are many important questions that need to be looked at when studying victims of crime. Some of these questions include:

Why was a particular person targeted for a crime?

How were they targeted, or were they a victim of opportunity?

What are the chances of that person becoming a victim at random?

What risk did the offender take in order to commit the crime against that victim?

How was the victim advanced upon? Were they restrained and/or attacked?

What was the victim's reaction to the attack?

The answers to these questions help to provide some ideas about the offender's motive and possibly other information about them. From this point, other assessment can be made about the offender's likely background including his knowledge of forensic and police procedures, his possible occupation, his physical characteristics…...

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References

Petherick, Wayne. (2008). Victimology: The Study of Victims in Criminal Investigations.

Retrieved June 23, 2009, from TruTV Web site:

 http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/profiling/victimology/1.html 

Victimology Theory. Retrieved June 23, 2009, from Web site:

victim" refers to ancient sacrifice of a person or animal to please the Gods. Over the centuries the term gathered other meanings. Mendelsohn, Von Hentig, and Wofgang defined the term "victim" as "hapless dupes who instigated their own victimization." (VICTIMOLOGY THEOY) In 1980, due to the feminist attack against this meaning, the word "victim" was defined as anyone who was to find himself in an asymmetric situation or relationship. By asymmetric, they were referring to any unbalanced, destructive, oppressive etc., relationship or situation.
In 1968 Schafer said that the victim wasn't just the reason for a criminal practice, as he or she played an important role in understanding the criminal and his or her gesture. Mendelsohn and Von Henting are the pioneers of victimology. In the 50' and 60' they were trying to illustrate problems which existed in the field, in what concerns the victims.

Von Hentig wrote "The Criminal and…...

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References:

1. Ann Burgess, Cheryl Regehr, Albert Roberts, Victimology: Theories and Applications: Theories anad Applications, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Apr 18, 2011

2. "Victimology Theory," Retrived November 21, 2012 from the North Carolina Wesleyan College: http://faculty.ncwc.edu/

Only the Eighth Amendment truly applies to the post-conviction treatment of a criminal defendant, by prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment. There is nothing about being confronted with victim impact statements that is either cruel or unusual. When committing a crime, it is certainly reasonable for society to expect a criminal to understand that their actions will impact people. In addition, there is nothing in this provision of the Crime Victims' ights Amendment that infringes upon a defendant's right to confront his accuser; these hearings occur post-conviction and are all related to some form of early release, which would relieve a defendant of some portion of his sentence.
The fourth element of the Crime Victims' ights Amendment provides that decisions in criminal cases duly consider the victims' safety, right to restitution, and interest in avoiding an unreasonable delay in the criminal proceedings. This provision does not threaten a defendant's constitutional rights;…...

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References

President Calls for Crime Victims' Rights Amendment. (2005). Retrieved April 20, 2005 from WhiteHouse.gov Web site:  http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/victimsrights/ 

U.S. Const. amend. IV.

U.S. Const. amend. V.

U.S. Const. amend. VI.