Utilitarian Ethics
Business Ethics 3825

Case of the Sole emaining Supplier

elevant stakeholders

Internal stakeholders

External stakeholders

Utilitarian ethics: Action plan

Desired aims

Specific Actions

aising the quality control standards

Develop elaborate Standard installation and operation procedures (SIOP)

ight of revoking supply contract unilaterally in case of non-compliance to SIOP

Optimal good achieved

Case of the Sole emaining Supplier

The case of 'sole remaining supplier' is regarding a firm that manufactures heart pacemakers. The pacemaker is a modern device that is used by the heart patients who have a medical problem of skipping heart beats. If regular heart beat (averagely after each 1.2 seconds) does not take place, the pacemaker stimulates the heart and it beats regularly. In its earliest years of invention, patients solely depended upon pacemaker whereas their own heart normal heartbeat was suspended. There were serious reservation in public, doctors, and the supplier company as to the ethical aspect of selling a 'medical device' that ran the risk of failing and…...

mla

References

Driver, J. (2009). "The History of Utilitarianism" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved from: .

Fries, R.C. (2012). Reliable design of medical devices. CRC Press.

Haider, S.I. (2006). Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step-by-Step Guide for Achieving Compliance in the Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech Industries. CRC Press.

QI.C.T. Task Force. (2000). Doing what counts for patient safety: Federal actions to reduce medical errors and their impact. 1-87. Washington: Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force.

However, whereas the strict rule utilitarian global conservationist would prohibit jet travel completely, the act utilitarian would certainly consider the corresponding purpose or value of any use of jet power. The act utilitarian would weigh the respective concerns and determine whether or not the proposed benefit or the total amount of "good" associated with the act outweighs the admitted cost in additional damage to the global environment. That analysis could apply to individual acts (such as with respect to the specific purpose of each proposed flight); or it could apply more generally, (such as with respect to the type of travel). Under that analysis, purely recreational travel might be prohibited, but certain kinds of commercial travel might be permissible because they are considered beneficial to the human community (such as fast mail delivery service).
The Ethical Issues Associated with Contemporary Global Warming and Conservation:

Some form of flexible act utilitarianism would…...

Utilitarian or Retributivist
Death penalty, the capital punishment, was called by Brennan as an "official murder" because of the main fact that it takes life as a form of providing justice to extreme crimes committed by criminals, an "eye for an eye punishment" as others may say.

Justice Brennan, a utilitarian, is against the capital punishment because he believes that death penalty is not reasonable to pay for a crime. This is perhaps because of his personal belief in morality that no human has the right to take away another human's life; that even the worst crime cannot be recompensed by the criminal's life. Brennan even argues that the death of a hundred of people is no worse than the death of one. Justice Brennan believes in punishment but not to death penalty. In his view, punishment is only proper to those who are guilty, but death penalty would be too much.…...

Utilitarian and Deontological Considerations
Today, many places of work require their employees to adhere to a prescribed dress code. In basic terms, a dress code is essentially a guide on what employees should or should not wear to work. In this text, I concern myself with utilitarian and deontological considerations in relation to dress code regulations in the workplace.

Workplace Dress Code egulations: Utilitarian and Deontological Considerations

In an attempt to design an appropriate image for their companies, employers routinely demand that employees adhere to a prescribed dress code. For instance, Company A could demand that all its male employees be dressed in a business suit and a tie. On the other hand, Company B. may take a less relaxed approach to dressing and allow its employees to report for work dressed in what is often referred to as 'business casual' wear. Although setting a dress code could help a company project its…...

mla

References

Bredeson, D.A. (2011). Applied Business Ethics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Brooks, L.J. & Dunn, P. (2009). Business & Professional Ethics: For Directors, Executives & Accountants (5th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Carroll, A.B. & Buchholtz, A.K. (2008). Business & Society: Ethics & Stakeholder Management (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Corrigan, R.H. & Farrell, M. (Eds.). (2010). Ethics: A University Guide. Gloucester: Progressive Frontiers Press.

not committed a crime-- an innocent person. Similarly, it might happen. that the general welfare is promoted by punishing people excessively -- a greater punishment might have a greater deterrent effect. But both of these are, on their face,.violations of justice, which Retributivism would never allow." (Rachels, 135)
The danger presented here is one which threatens under any condition of ethical diversion. In the case of lying, there is an inherent danger that establishing an acceptance of divergence from truth as a moral norm under the pretense that such lying is geared toward sustenance of happiness could open the floodgates for the spectrum of interpretations as to how such happiness may be optimally attained. Herein lay the promise of a breakdown in social order about which Kant initially warns.

Mill's rule of exception, which allows that lying is wrong only 'in general,' is one founded on the intent to disestablish the…...

mla

Works Cited

Albot, Phillip. (2002). Two Senses of 'Right.' Department of Philsophy: Washington University. Online at http://faculty.washington.edu/wtalbott/phil338/trFCSS&N.html

Kant, I. 1785. Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Jonathan Bennett

Rachels, James. (1993). The Utilitarian Approach. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, pg. 91-101. New York: McGraw Hill.

Rachels, James. (1993). Kant and Respect for Persons. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, pg. 127-138. New York: McGraw Hill.

To the terrorist in the act his or her life has no value. From their stand point the plane had to crash in a populated place causing maximum damage and consequently chaos. The passengers of the plane have a right to travel safe and be considered in an action that would take their lives and if an alternate was available to destroy the terrorists but save their lives that would be the best alternative. However such an alternative is ruled out in this case. The second is to shoot down the plane, thus killing the passengers, terrorists and seeing to it that the plane crashed with minimal damage to the city below. In other words protect the key installations that the terrorists tried to destroy with the act.
The questions then are threefold: 1. Does taking actions like shooting down planes that deviate from flight plans make it possible to…...

The virtue ethics supporter would know that harming innocent animals and people is wrong and that that kind of behavior does not make a good world.
Aristotle believed that the one of the biggest and most important aspects of virtue ethics was reasoning. If one is to take time to reason about the situation with the make-up company, she is to know that one cannot allow animals and people to suffer and die in order to make glow-in-the-dark make-up. As a virtue ethical supporter, the Vice President would understand that values are determined mainly by common sense.

The people in the company do matter, but when it comes to ethics of any sort, whether utilitarian, Kantian, or virtue ethical theories, the people in the company are the last people who should be thought of. Under utilitarian theories, one might consider how not doing the testing will affect the company (loss of…...

For instance, if people fear going to hospitals, this is not a good thing, an ancillary result of the forced transplants. Therefore agent relativity such as Dr. Tooley's above becomes necessary. In this case, the philosopher compares the world with the transplant and without the transplant. Since it could be argued that the world might be worse with the transplants (for example, the reason stated above), then a utilitarian consequentialist using agent relativity could justify that their refusal to kill the donor to harvest the organs and letting the five patients die would be just ("Consequentialism," 2006). Although not addressed in this author's research on the topic, it would seem the above arguments with regard to the use of agent relativity might allow the forcible removal of a kidney or a lobe of the liver, since the possibilities of health complications are small for the donor.
To recap, this author…...

mla

Works Cited

Consequentialism. (2006). Stanford encylopedia of philosophy. Retrieved March 12,

2011, from  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/ 

Warner, Kaitlin. (2010, March 11). The organ donation debate. Retrieved from http://www.voxmagazine.com/stories/2010/03/11/organ-donation/

Utilitarian perspective on ethics
Utilitarian ethics proposes that actions are considered right or wrong according to the greatest amount of people that they help and/or make happy. The two foremost pioneers of the theory were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill although Utilitarianism, in some form, always existed started off with hedonism and Aristotle (each of whom advocated different forms of eudemonia / contentment / happiness).

Branches of classical utilitarianism are 'Ideal utilitarianism'; act and rule utilitarianism (where rules are involved); two-level utilitarianism (that differentiates between act and rule); and preference utilitarianism (where the actual act of choosing depends on the preferences of the individual). Still other strands include Negative Utilitarianism (that focuses on what not to do); and motive utilitarianism (where acts are chosen according to those which give the greatest deal of felicity).

A recent case in the news perfectly showcases the principle of utilitarian ethics in practice. At the…...

mla

Rachels, James & Rachels, Stuart (2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Hu, J (2004) Yahoo denies family access to dead marine's e-mail. CNet

 http://news.cnet.com/Yahoo-denies-family-access-to-dead-marines-e-mail/2100-1038_3-5500057.html

Human ights Violations in the Workplace
Utilitarian Theory and Human ights

Violations of human rights:

Firing a teacher for having IVF treatment at a Catholic school

The basic tenant of utilitarian theory is that policies should attempt to maximize 'the good' for the greatest number of people. It is a theory based upon the principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain for the majority. Upholding human rights includes minority as well as majority rights. Sometimes individual vs. utilitarian theory can be in conflict; however, at other times the philosophy can support human rights.

One of the most fundamental human rights is the right to religious liberty. According to Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human ights, "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other…...

mla

References

Catholic school teacher fired for having in vitro. (2006). ABC News. Retrieved:

 http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1949131#.T_V8_JHeL-Y 

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved:

 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf

The question may arise then, would they choose to not spend the money on gas, and be forced to find other ways of transportation. In a utopian society this might ring true, but in real life, other forms of transportation are unlikely to assist in their transportation problem. The truth of the matter is that we live in a mobile society, and those individuals without the capability of being mobile are at a rather complete disadvantage to those parts of society that have the disposable income to weather such events as a raise in gas prices.

Treating third world countries in that same method, would be just like limiting the choices of those lower income individuals by raising gas prices. By restricting their access to advanced technologies (even if they are more polluting) is also limiting their capabilities to expand their research in order to find a solution to the pollution…...

Abstract Once the hub of General Motors, Flint, Michigan is now a town in disarray due to contaminated drinking water. In spite of dozens of class-action and individual lawsuits, the crisis has yet to be resolved fully. The city of Flint and the State of Michigan are both responsible for using lead piping in the town infrastructure, which is the direct cause of the lead contamination. Research definitively shows lead contamination causes innumerable, irreversible, and often fatal health problems. The Kantian, utilitarian, and egoism ethical perspectives all show that Flint residents deserve justice.
Summary of Case
In 2014, the city of Flint, Michigan diverted the town’s water supply from Lake Huron to the Flint River. The EPA and independent organizations like Virginia Tech tested the Flint River water and found “dangerous levels of lead” at point of contact such as in people’s homes (“Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts,” 2017, p. 1). Although the…...

mla

References

“Flint Water Crisis Fast Facts,” (2017). CNN. 28 Nov, 2017.

Glenzain, J. (2017). Nestlé plays $200 a year to bottle water near Flint—where water is undrinkable. The Guardian. 29 Sept, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/29/nestle-pays-200-a-year-to-bottle-water-near-flint-where-water-is-undrinkable

Moore, M. (n.d.). 10 things they won’t tell you about the Flint water tragedy. But I will. https://michaelmoore.com/10FactsOnFlint/

Ravve, R. (2017). Flint water crisis. Fox News. 3 Nov, 2017. http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/11/03/flint-water-crisis-michigan-residents-still-unable-to-drink-tap-water-three-years-later.html

https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/04/us/flint-water-crisis-fast-facts/index.html

stem cell research has been controversial for years. What are stem cells and why do they entail so much interest? Stem cells may be derived from embryonic, fetal, or adult cells and tissues. Potentially, the embryonic stem cells can serve as the machinery to repair, regenerate, and/or replace tissues and organs. In other words, they could prove invaluable in eradicating all illnesses and incurable conditions. Following an ethical perspective, the doctrine of Utilitarianism supports stem cell research.
Utilitarian theory proposes that the desirable consequences of an action justify it for the greater good, and for its short or long-term benefits (osenstand). In the matter of stem cell research, the desirable long-term consequences are those of scientific advancement within the healthcare domain, improved health value for all human beings, and financial preservation for all citizens of the world, that would no longer spend so much currency on medicines if they were…...

mla

References

Rosenstand, Nina. The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2012.

Ethics: Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is one of the most common forms of moral reasoning. ooted in normative ethics, the notion of utilitarianism essentially asserts that an action is morally right if it maximizes utility or happiness for everyone (West, 2004). In other words, as long as a course of action generates the greatest benefit for everyone affected, then the means utilized to generate the benefits (such as coercion, manipulation, or lies) do not matter -- what matters is the end, not the means. This moral principle is commonly applied in various spheres including personal decisions, business, and public policy.

The notion of utility ethics can be ideally applicable in the case of Airxyz. Choosing Opting to voluntarily ground its fleet would be the most appropriate course of action for not only the airline, but also the general publicpublic. The public uses airlines to move quickly and conveniently move from one location to another,…...

mla

Reference

West, H. R. (2003). An Introduction to Mill's Utilitarian Ethics. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.

West, H. (2004). An introduction to Mill's utilitarian ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Retributivist and Utilitarian Theories
WHICH WORKS ETTER?

Retributivist/Utilitarian Theories Justification of Criminal Punishment

The Theories and Their Ideas

Punishment, as a legitimate sanction imposed on a person for a criminal offense, must first consist of 5 elements (anks, 2009). These are an unpleasant experience for the victim; an actual or supposed offense; an actual or supposed offender committed the act; the act is committed by a person rather than as a natural consequence of an action; and punishment must be imposed by an authority whose rules are violated by the offense. enn and Peters (1959 in ean, 1981 as qtd in anks) added the element of unpleasantness as an essential part of the offense intended. The philosophical debate on punishment converges on the two main theories, namely the retributive and utilitarian. These theories eventually led to the development of other theories on deterrence, retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and restorative justice (anks).

How They Justify Punishment

The retributive…...

mla

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Banks, C. (2009). The purpose of criminal punishment. Chapter 5. "Ethics and the Criminal Justice System." Sage Publications. Retrieved on April 17, 2012 from  http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/5144_Banks_II_Proof_Chapter_5.pdf 

Dubber, M.D. And Kelman, M.G. (2009). Punishment and its rationales. American Criminal Law: Foundation Press. Retrieved on April 17, 2012 from http://www.dubberkelman.com/forms/chapter1.pdf

Haist, M. (2009). Deterrence in a sea lf "just deserts": are utilitarian goals achievable in a world of "limiting retributivism?" vol. 99 # 3 The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology: Northwestern University School of Law. Retrieved on April 17, 2012

from  http://www.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/backissues/v99/n3/9903_789.haist.pdf

Normative theory provides an absolutist framework for approaching philosophy and the soft sciences, and has a special application in philosophy, law, and the social sciences.  Normative theory states that some things are morally superior to other things.  They are concerned with right or wrong and have a goal of changing institutions, values, or norms to reflect the “right” or “good” perspective.  Obviously, since normative theory focuses on what is good, it also involves moral judgments of what is bad.

To understand normative theory, it may help to think about the concept of sin.  Even if you....

1. The Concept of Justice in Rawls and Nozick's Political Theory:
- Analyze and compare John Rawls' and Robert Nozick's theories of justice.
- Discuss the implications of their views on social and economic equality.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their respective arguments.


2. Utilitarianism vs. Deontology: A Comparative Analysis:
- Compare and contrast the ethical theories of utilitarianism and deontology.
- Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each theory in terms of their application to political decision-making.
- Discuss the relevance of these theories in contemporary political debates.


3. The Legitimacy of Political Authority:
- Examine different theories of....

Outline: The Complexity of Human Nature

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a thought-provoking question or anecdote that highlights the enigma of human nature.
B. Thesis statement: State the central argument that humans are multifaceted beings with both noble and darker impulses.

II. The Social Facet
A. Prosociality: Discuss humans' capacity for empathy, altruism, and cooperation.
- Cite evolutionary theories on the benefits of social behavior.
- Provide examples of individuals who display extraordinary acts of kindness.
B. Conformity: Analyze the tendency to follow group norms, even when they conflict with personal beliefs.
- Explain the psychological mechanisms behind conformity.
- Discuss....

I. Introduction

A. Background and Significance
- Emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing presence in society
- Potential benefits of AI, such as automation, efficiency, and personalized experiences

B. Ethical Concerns

- Ethical implications of AI in areas such as:
- Privacy and data security
- Job displacement and economic inequality
- Bias and discrimination
- Automation of decision-making and accountability

II. Literature Review

A. Existing Research on Ethical Implications of AI
- Review of previous studies that have examined ethical issues related to AI
- Identification of key ethical concerns and perspectives

B. Theoretical Frameworks
- Discussion of ethical theories that can be applied to AI, such as:
....